Post on 13-Mar-2016
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Child Development
Theorists
Complete the Front of the worksheet
• Worksheet can be found on brown table under the bulletin board
• On the back, identify and explain the five areas of development.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Findings & Ideas– Believed that
personality develops through a series of stages
– Experiences in childhood profoundly affect adult life
• Significance – Childhood is much
more important than previously thought and its effects are longer lasting
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Findings & Ideas– The first to study
children scientifically– Focused on how
children learned– Believed that children
go through four stages of learning
• Significance – Children must be
given learning tasks appropriate to their level of development
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
• Findings & Ideas– Wrote that biological
development and cultural experience influence children’s ability to learn
– Social contact is essential to intellectual development
• Significance – Children should be
given the opportunity for frequent social interaction
Eric Ericson (1902-1994)
• Findings & Ideas– Like Freud, said that
personality develops in stages
– Thought that each stage includes a unique psychological crisis
– If that crisis is met in a positive way, the individual develops normally
• Significance – Parents and
caregivers must be aware of, and sensitive to, children’s needs at each stage of development and support them through crises.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Findings & Ideas– Argued that when a
child’s have positive results, they will be repeated.
– Negative results will make the actions stop
• Significance – Parents and other
caregivers can affect a child’s behavior through the use of negative and positive feedback
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)
• Findings & Ideas– Outlined layers of
environment that affect a child’s development, such as the child’s own biology, family/community environment, and society.
• Significance – Child’s primary
relationship with a caregiver needs to be stable, loving and lasting
Albert Bandura (b. 1925)
• Findings & Ideas– Said that children learn
by imitating others– Disagreed with Skinner.– Pointed out that
although the environment shapes behavior, behavior also affects environment
• Significance – Caregivers must
provide good examples for children to follow
Educational Video
What are the four observation records?
Why observe children?• Offers you the chance to see children as individuals• Meeting the challenges of development in their own
way & in their own time– See a child’s personality
• Adapt activities to a child’s needs• Identify children who may have disabilities or require
extra care • Research – early intervention – do better over the long
term • Feedback
How to Observe Young Children
• Knowing what to observe & how to analyze it • Observing – more than just watching • Written record – analyze • Separate fact (objective (seen & heard)) from
opinion (subjective) – Assumption – fact taken for granted– You think you know, but do you really??– Do not make judgments
• Smiling does not mean happy
Observations
• What down what you see when you see it• Wait – forget • Write down:
– Date, time, # of children, # of adults, names and ages
• Wait down exact ages • 2 year old (is she 2 years and 1 month, 2 years
and 10 months = BIG difference)
Running Record
• Record of everything for a set period of time
• Useful • Just getting to know the child/children• Concentrating on a certain type of
development/area
Anecdotal Record
• Report of a child’s actions that concentrates on a specific behavior or area of development
• Ex: adjustment to a new child care center. Every morning (two weeks) the observer could record how a child behaves upon arriving at the center
Frequency Count • A tally of how often a certain behavior occurs• Useful: when trying to change unwanted
behavior • First – observer find a baseline – a count
made before any steps are taken to try to change behavior
• After attempts to change behavior – additional frequency counts – is it working?
Developmental Checklists
• List of skills children should master or behaviors they should exhibit at a certain age
When observing
• Must keep everything CONFIDENTIAL – protection of another person’s privacy by limiting access to personal information