Post on 24-Feb-2016
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Choctaw People:Indian Policy 1801-1830
Ryan L. Spring, GIS/GPS SpecialistHistoric Preservation Department
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
Topics
• Choctaw People: Society & Government• 1801: Early Indian Policy• 1812: Allies of the United States• 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education• 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City• 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha
in bvshpo
Choctaw Society
Matriarchal Society• Society centered around the
Women.• Kinship based on the
mother’s Moiety & Clan• Boys raised by the mother’s
uncle• Revenge Law
– Punishment
Moieties (iksa)• Kashapa Okla (Divided People)
– Kush iksa (Reed Clan)– Law Okla (?)– Lulak Okla (probably Fire People)– Limoklasha/Itimoklasha (There
People are There)• Okla Inholahta (Beloved
People)– Chufan iksa (Beloved People)– Isketani (Small people)– Chitto (Big people)– Shakchi Okla (Crawfish People)
Givers of Life
• Foundation of the Community
• Property Owners• Agricultural producers• Domestic – Pottery– Basketry– Cooking– Clothing
Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
Bushnell 1909
Takers of Life
• Hunters• Protected the
Community• Played Stickball• Interacted with Other
Groups• Did the Heaviest Work• Served as Orators &
Historians
Bushnell 1909
Choctaw Government
• Choctaw Government– Three Districts
• Okla FalayaChief Apukshunnubbee
• Ahepvt OklaChief Mushulatubbe
• Okla HannaliChief Pushmataha
– Village• Chief
– Council– Squirrel Chief– War Chief
District
Takers of Life
Community
Givers of Life
Topics
• Choctaw People: Society & Government• 1801: Early Indian Policy• 1812: Allies of the United States• 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education• 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City• 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha
in bvshpo
Creation of Indian Policy
• 1801: Thomas Jefferson Elected President
• Cultural Imperialism– American Culture– Assimilation
New York Historic Society 1805
Trade, Debts, and Treaties• 1801 Treaty of Fort Adams
– Natchez Trace– Protect Mississippi
• 1802 Treaty of Fort Confederation– Protect the Mississippi
• 1803 Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa– Defense of Mobile
• 1805 Treat of Mount Dexter
Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land)
After DeRosier 1970:29
Topics
• Choctaw People: Society & Government• 1801: Early Indian Policy• 1812: Allies of the United States• 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education• 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City• 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha
in bvshpo
Changes in Choctaw Society
• Pressure from Settlers• Changes in Choctaw Society– Mixed Bloods– Men: Property & Trade
• Allies of the United States
War of 1812: The First Choctaw War• United States is at war with Great Britain. Tensions peak
between Muscogee people and whites.
• Summer 1813: Muscogee Chiefs (Red Sticks) hold council with Choctaw Chiefs to decide on the issue of war against the United States. Choctaw Chiefs decline and settle for neutrality.
• Fall 1813: War erupts, Red Sticks begin to attack American settlements. Fort Mims is attacked. Choctaw villages attacked.
• Choctaw Chiefs meet with the United States. Pushmataha is granted a field commission as Lt. Colonel in the US Army under Andrew Jackson.
• Winter 1813: Pushmataha and his warriors join Jackson’s Army. They defeat the Red Sticks at Battle of Holy Ground. 1814 Pushmataha enlist more warriors for Jackson’s Pensacola Campaign. Choctaw Troops go unpaid.
• January 1815: Pushmataha’s warriors under Jugeat help defeat the British at the Battle of New Orleans.
1816: Treaty of Choctaw Trading House
• Allies of the United States• 1816: Choctaw eagerly ceded a small amount
of lands east of the Tombigbee with their new Ally.
Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land)
After DeRosier 1970:29
Topics
• Choctaw People: Society & Government• 1801: Early Indian Policy• 1812: Allies of the United States• 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education• 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City• 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha
in bvshpo
Calhoun-Monroe Indian Policy
• Cultural Imperialism– Indian Territory– Removal
Choctaw Adaptation: Education
• Educate the Youth– Missionaries– Schools
• Choctaws “Sharp Businessmen”
Topics
• Choctaw People: Society & Government• 1801: Early Indian Policy• 1812: Allies of the United States• 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education• 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City• 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha
in bvshpo
Treaty of Doak’s Stand• Rumors of Removal• Indian Commissioner • Bribery, exaggeration,
threat of the settlers, and loss of friendship.
• Treaty Signed– Goods & Supplies– Education– No more lands to be
ceeded– Lighthorsemen
1825 Treaty of Washington City
• Arkansans Protest• Pushmataha &
Apukshunnubbee• Treaty Signed– Warriors paid– Continued Friendship
Topics
• Choctaw People: Society & Government• 1801: Early Indian Policy• 1812: Allies of the United States• 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education• 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City• 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha
in bvshpo
1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo
• Lands Ceded– 34,000 sq mi
• Sept 22nd– Killihota
• Choctaws 59, Killihota 1
• Sept 23rd
– Rejected– Threats: State would seize lands, US Military would
destroy resistance, Choctaws taken by force to the West.
• Sept 24th
– Greenwood Leflore• Article 14
• Sept 25th– Voted down– Okla Falaya: 2/3 voted down
• Sept 27th
– Rejected– Threats: cease relations, lands given away to other
Tribes, forced into labor and military conscription, state taxes, children destitute, Choctaws would be utterly destroyed
Treaty Signed• 17,000 sq mi• Friendship• Removals Scheduled 1831,
1832, 1833– Transportation , Supplies, &
Reimbursements• Choctaw Nation would remain
Autonomous• Protection by the United States• Choctaw who fought in
Revolution and Northwest Indian War receive annuity.
Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land)
After DeRosier 1970:29
Recommended BooksThe Removal of the
Choctaw IndiansDeRosier
Choctaws and Missionaries in
Mississippi, 1818-1918Clara Sue Kidwell
Indian RemovalGrant Foreman