Post on 22-Nov-2014
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Chreia/Maxim Stage Review
Definition of Terms and Figures of Description and Speech
Definition of Terms
Progymnasmata
Definition of Terms
Progymnasmata
a set of rudimentary exercises to prepare students of rhetoric for the creation and performance of complete practice orations; from the Greek, pro “before” and gymnasmata “exercises”; 14 stages, the first four of which are:
Definition of Terms
Progymnasmata
a set of rudimentary exercises to prepare students of rhetoric for the creation and performance of complete practice orations; from the Greek, pro “before” and gymnasmata “exercises”; 14 stages, the first four of which are:
FableNarrativeChreiaMaxim (i.e. Proverb)
Definition of Terms
Recognition
Definition of Terms
RecognitionAristotle maintained that Recognition or Discovery scenes
along with Reversal scenes are the two experiences which bring the reader or audience delight.
1) It occurs when the audience suddenly becomes aware of a truth not realized previously in the story; “a change from ignorance to knowledge.”
2) It also occurs when a writer describes a truth, event or character in such a way that the reader identifies with or remembers a similar experience.
Definition of Terms
RecognitionAristotle maintained that Recognition or Discovery scenes along with
Reversal scenes are the two experiences which bring the reader or audience delight.
1) It occurs when the audience suddenly becomes aware of a truth not realized previously in the story; “a change from ignorance to knowledge.”
2) It also occurs when a writer describes a truth, event or character in such a way that the reader identifies with or remembers a similar experience.
Give one example of each kind of recognition.
Definition of Terms
Reversal
Definition of Terms
Reversal
when the high and mighty are brought low and the humble are elevated; “a change in the action”
Definition of Terms
Suffering
Definition of Terms
Suffering
a state of pain or discomfort either physical or emotional
Definition of Terms
Action
Definition of Terms
Action
corresponds to the question “what?”;the plot of the story
Definition of Terms
Agent
Definition of Terms
Agent
corresponds to the question “who?”;the characters in the story
Definition of Terms
Cause
Definition of Terms
Cause
corresponds to the question “why?”;the point of the story
Definition of Terms
Manner
Definition of Terms
Manner
corresponds to the question “how?”;how the action is described
Definition of Terms
Place
Definition of Terms
Place
corresponds to the question “where?”;where the action takes place
Definition of Terms
Time
Definition of Terms
Time
corresponds to the question “when?”;when the events of the story occurred
Definition of Terms
Chreia
Definition of Terms
Chreia(from the Greek chreiôdes, “useful”) a brief
reminiscence referring to some person in a pithy form for the purpose of edification. It takes the form of an anecdote that reports either a saying, an edifying action, or both.
Definition of Terms
Encomium
Definition of Terms
Encomiuma formal expression of praise; [also, the first paragraph head in the Chreia
essay, which praises the author of the saying (Chreia) or the saying itself (Maxim)]
Definition of Terms
Paraphrase
Definition of Terms
Paraphraseretelling the fable or narrative in a student’s own
words while amplifying through figures of description, rearranging the sequence of events, or changing characters, place, or time.
[also, the second paragraph head in the Chreia essay, which provides an explanatory variation of the saying.]
Definition of Terms
Cause
Definition of Terms
Cause[Third paragraph head in Chreia essay that
provides a narrative retelling of the Chreia, demonstrating its truth]
Definition of Terms
Converse
Definition of Terms
Conversean object, idea or action which is the exact
opposite of another.[also, fourth paragraph head in the Chreia essay
that is the exact opposite of the cause paragraph]
Definition of Terms
Analogy
Definition of Terms
Analogyresemblance of relations or attributes as a
ground of reasoning; [also, the fifth paragraph head in the Chreia
essay that matches the effect of the Chreia’s action with the effect of a dissimilar action, e.g. Preparing for war results in the joy of peace as practicing soccer skills results in the joy of winning.]
Definition of Terms
Example
Definition of Terms
Examplea typical instance; a fact, etc. that forms a
particular case of a principle, rule, state of things, or the like; a person or thing that illustrates a quality
[also, sixth paragraph head in the Chreia essay that provides a particular instance of the Chreia in narrative form (e.g. historical or literary event)]
Definition of Terms
Testimony
Definition of Terms
Testimonypersonal or documentary evidence or
attestation in support of a fact or statement; hence, any form of evidence or proof.
[also, the seventh paragraph head in the Chreia essay that provides a testimony in support of the saying]
Definition of Terms
Epilogue
Definition of Terms
Epiloguethe concluding part of an oration, speech, or
written discourse, in which the speaker or writer sums up; any rhetorical conclusion to a speech; a summary. The concluding part of a literary work.
[also, the eighth and last paragraph head in the Chreia essay that addresses the audience with a challenge]
On the quiz
• Be able to match the term with its definition
On the quiz
• Be able to match the term with its definition• Be able to identify examples of the following
terms:-Encomium, Paraphrase, Cause, Converse, Analogy,
Example, Testimony, and Epilogue-Recognition, Reversal, Suffering-Agent, Action, Time, Place, Manner, Cause
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“Bilbo was very rich and very peculiar, and had been the wonder of the Shire for sixty years...”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“Bilbo was very rich and very peculiar, and had been the wonder of the Shire for sixty years...”
ethopoeia – vivid description of a character
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“At that time Frodo was still in his tweens, as the hobbits called the irresponsible twenties between childhood and coming of age at thirty.”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“At that time Frodo was still in his tweens, as the hobbits called the irresponsible twenties between childhood and coming of age at thirty.”
periphrasis- autonomasia becomes periphrasis if it occurs with a phrase or a number of words
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“The hobbits sat in shadow by the wayside. Before long the Elves came down the land towards the valley. They passed slowly, and the hobbits could see the starlight glimmering on their hair and in their eyes.”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“The hobbits sat in shadow by the wayside. Before long the Elves came down the land towards the valley. They passed slowly, and the hobbits could see the starlight glimmering on their hair and in their eyes.”
astrothesia—vivid description of stars
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“They went along the lane, until they saw the thatched roofs of a large house and farm-buildings peeping out among the trees ahead. The Maggots, and the Puddifoots of Stock, and most of the inhabitants of the Marish, were house-dwellers; and his farm was stoutly built of brick and had a high wall all round it. There was a wooden gate opening out of the wall into the lane.”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“They went along the lane, until they saw the thatched roofs of a large house and farm-buildings peeping out among the trees ahead. The Maggots, and the Puddifoots of Stock, and most of the inhabitants of the Marish, were house-dwellers; and his farm was stoutly built of brick and had a high wall all round it. There was a wooden gate opening out of the wall into the lane.”
geographia – vivid description of the earth
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“He had a...long brown beard; his eyes were blue and bright, and his face was as red as a ripe apple, but creased into a hundred wrinkles of laughter.”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“He had a...long brown beard; his eyes were blue and bright, and his face was as red as a ripe apple, but creased into a hundred wrinkles of laughter.”
prosopographia – vivid description of someone’s face
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“Suddenly Frodo noticed that a strange-looking weather-beaten man, sitting in the shadows near the wall, was listening intently to the hobbit-talk. He had a tall tankard in front of him, and was smoking a long-stemmed pipe curiously carved. His legs were stretched out before him, showing high boots of supple leather that fitted him well, but had seen much wear and were now caked with mud. A travel-stained cloak of heavy dark-green was drawn close about him, and in spite of the heat of the room he wore a hood that overshadowed his face, but the gleam of his eyes could be seen as he watched the hobbits.”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“Suddenly Frodo noticed that a strange-looking weather-beaten man, sitting in the shadows near the wall, was listening intently to the hobbit-talk. He had a tall tankard in front of him, and was smoking a long-stemmed pipe curiously carved. His legs were stretched out before him, showing high boots of supple leather that fitted him well, but had seen much wear and were now caked with mud. A travel-stained cloak of heavy dark-green was drawn close about him, and in spite of the heat of the room he wore a hood that overshadowed his face, but the gleam of his eyes could be seen as he watched the hobbits.”
effictio – the description of a person’s body
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“PPS. Make sure that it is the real Strider. There are many strange men on the roads. His true name is Aragorn.”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“PPS. Make sure that it is the real Strider. There are many strange men on the roads. His true name is Aragorn.”
autonomasia - vary by changing the name of someone or something; e.g. Jesus/the Messiah; the star/Sun
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“PPPS. I hope Butterbur sends this promptly. A worthy man, but his memory is like a lumber-room: thing wanted always buried. If he forgets, I shall roast him. Fare Well!”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“PPPS. I hope Butterbur sends this promptly. A worthy man, but his memory is like a lumber-room: thing wanted always buried. If he forgets, I shall roast him. Fare Well!”
hyperbole - an exaggeration that is “more than reality warrants” and brings us to understand a truth
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“Their camping place was damp, cold, and uncomfortable; and the biting insects would not let them sleep. There were also abominable creatures haunting the reeds and tussocks that from the sound of them were evil relatives of the cricket. There were thousands of them, and they squeaked all round, neek-breek, neek-breek, unceasingly all the night, until the hobbits were nearly frantic.
The next day, the fourth, was little better, and the night almost as comfortless. Though the Neekerbreekers (as Sam called them) had been left behind, the midges still pursued them.”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“Their camping place was damp, cold, and uncomfortable; and the biting insects would not let them sleep. There were also abominable creatures haunting the reeds and tussocks that from the sound of them were evil relatives of the cricket. There were thousands of them, and they squeaked all round, neek-breek, neek-breek, unceasingly all the night, until the hobbits were nearly frantic.
The next day, the fourth, was little better, and the night almost as comfortless. Though the Neekerbreekers (as Sam called them) had been left behind, the midges still pursued them.”
onomatopoeia - the coining of a name or the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“The elf-horse reared and snorted. The foremost of the black horses had almost set foot upon the shore.
At that moment came a roaring and a rushing: a noise of loud waters rolling many stones. Dimly Frodo saw the river below him rise, and down along its course there came a plumed cavalry of waves. White flames seemed to Frodo to flicker on their crests and he half fancied that he saw amid the water white riders upon white horses with frothing manes.”
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“The elf-horse reared and snorted. The foremost of the black horses had almost set foot upon the shore.
At that moment came a roaring and a rushing: a noise of loud waters rolling many stones. Dimly Frodo saw the river below him rise, and down along its course there came a plumed cavalry of waves. White flames seemed to Frodo to flicker on their crests and he half fancied that he saw amid the water white riders upon white horses with frothing manes.”
hydrographia – vivid description of water
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“I didn’t know that any of the Big People were like that. I thought, well, that they were just big, and rather stupid: kind and stupid like Butterbur; or stupid and wicked like bill Ferny. But then we don’t know much about Men in the Shire, except perhaps the Breelanders.”
“You don’t know much even about them, if you think old Barliman is stupid,” said Gandalf.
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“I didn’t know that any of the Big People were like that. I thought, well, that they were just big, and rather stupid: kind and stupid like Butterbur; or stupid and wicked like bill Ferny. But then we don’t know much about Men in the Shire, except perhaps the Breelanders.”
“You don’t know much even about them, if you think old Barliman is stupid,” said Gandalf.
chorographia – vivid description of a nation
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“Hush!’ said Gandalf...‘The Lord of the Ring is not Frodo, but the master of the Dark Tower of Mordor, whose power is again stretching out over the world! We are sitting in a fortress. Outside it is getting dark.’
‘Gandalf has been saying many cheerful things like that’, said Pippin.
Figures of Description or Speech:identify the figure used
and give its definition
“Hush!’ said Gandalf...‘The Lord of the Ring is not Frodo, but the master of the Dark Tower of Mordor, whose power is again stretching out over the world! We are sitting in a fortress. Outside it is getting dark.’
‘Gandalf has been saying many cheerful things like that’, said Pippin.
diminutio - vary words to change an idea into an understatement; e.g. It is an amputation! / It’s just a flesh wound.
On the quiz
• Be able to match the figures of description and speech with their definition (only those we’ve covered in the workbook).
On the quiz
• Be able to match the figures of description and speech with their definition (only those we’ve covered in the workbook).
• Be able to identify examples of some of these figures of description and speech.