Post on 01-Apr-2015
transcript
CHRISTIAN WESTHORPE:CH15
COURTNEY ROWLAND: CH16PATRICIA FIGUEROA: CH 17
Group 3: Renaissance ArtChapters 15-17
ADVERSITY AND CHALLENGE: THE FOURTEENTH-CENTURY
TRANSITION
Chapter 15
The Black Death
The most devastating natural catastrophe of the early modern era
Bubonic plague struck Europe in 1347, destroying 1/3 to almost ½ of it’s population in less than 10 years
The disease was carried in by black rats who were carrying fleas
Passed trough a bite from either the infected flea, or the rat. Then it was passed by those who were infected
Black Death-Continued
The plague got its name “Black Death” from the symptoms seen from those infected
Pus would form around the body, mainly in the lymph glands, turning the body a “deathly” black
Once a person became infected, they would usually die within two to three days
There was no way for doctors to treat this epidemic, all treatments proved useless
Europe faced four waves of this plague between 1347 and 1375
Effects of the Black Death
The Black Death caused people to question the existence of God
Some saw it as God’s way of showing his displeasure, other’s viewed it as God’s warning to Christians
The “Dance of Death” by Hans Holbein, was one of the most famous depictions of this time period (skeletons taking there victims to the grave)
Effects of the Black Death-Continued
The Black Death effected Europe’s economy as well
There was a shortage of labor, creating a greater demand for workers
Peasants took advantage, fleeing to cities where jobs were readily available
The first every labor revolts took place in France and England during the mid-fourteenth century
The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy
Lower classes started to demand equalityThe Magna Carta was signed by King John of
England in the year 1215 It disallowed the king to make up additional taxes
without consent of the royal council It also guaranteed; trail by jury, which made sure that
justice was served properly, over the will of the ruler Helped develop the constitutional monarchy
The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy-Continued
50 years after the signing of the Magna Carta, England sent King Henry III to jail
Middle-class reps began to participate in the Great Council
This was the first example of representative government
The Hundred Years’ War
A war fought between France and England, taking place all on French soil
It carried on from 1337 until 1453The war began because of the English’s claim
to continental lands, as well as the English claim to the French throne.
The English were outnumbered by 4/1 by the French, yet they still managed to win most of the early battles by introducing secret weapons
England Finally withdrew from France in 1450
Secret Weapons
English success was linked to the use of three new weapons The foot soldier The longbow Gunpowder
The Decline of the Church
The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377) and the Great Schism (1378-1417) caused a huge decline in the prestige of the Catholic Church
Avignon Papacy was the relocation of the papacy from Rome to the city of Avignon in Southern France
The Great Schism was the election of two popes, one rule from Avignon, the other from Rome This caused conflicting views Violent controversy within the Church Lasted almost a decade
Literature in Transition-Boccaccio
Social Realism was a large part of Boccaccio’s writing
Social Realism is the objective attention to human society and social interaction
Boccaccio’s most famous piece of work would be the Decameron
Decameron is made up of hundred lively vernacular tales told by seven young women and three young men (they each tell a story every night for ten days)
His stories remain a lasting tribute to the varieties of human affection and desire
Christine de Pisan
Christine was the first feminist writer, as well as the first female professional writer
She argued the thought that women don’t deserve the same amount of education and rights of a man
Titles of her work “Epistle of the God of Love” “Book of the City of Ladies”
She was a spokesperson for female achievements and talents
Geoffrey Chaucer
He was one of the most famous writers of fourteenth century literature
Most famous for his Canterbury Tales Modeled off of Boccaccio’s Decameron
Used memorable details to bring his characters to life
Chaucer shaped the development of English literature
Art and Music in Transition-Giotto
Giotto anticipated the shift to realism
Brought life to his painting’s by giving the image a robust and lifelike interpretation
Some of his artwork include Madonna Enthroned Arena Chapel Lamentation
The Ars Nova in Music
Ars Nova stands for “new art”Ars Nova introduced isorythm which means
“same rhythm”It used the same rhythmic patterns at
different times during the compositionA famous composer of this time was
Guillaume de MachautHis most famous piece of work was his Mass
or Our Lady
Terms to Know
Ars Nova: a term meaning “new art”, used to distinguish fourteenth century art from the old art
Indulgence: a church pardon from the temporal penalties for sins
Isorhythm: the close repetition of identical rhythmic patterns in different sections of musical composition
Trivia Questions!
What was the first example of representative government?
Ars Nova stands for what?Who wrote Mass or Our Lady?Who was the first feminist writer?What is the correct term for a church pardon
from the temporal penalties for sins?
Trivia Answers!
Constitutional MonarchyNew ArtGuillaume de MachautChristine de PisanIndulgence
CLASSICAL HUMANISM IN THE AGE OF THE
RENAISSANCE
Chapter 16
“Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance”
1300-1600- Era of The RenaissanceClassical Humanism refers to the revival of the
Greco-Roman culture its distinctly secular stamp.
The humanists of the Renaissance were the cultural archeologists of their age.
Politically: The Italian states were independent and disunited
Italian Renaissance cities were ruled either by members of the petty nobility, by mercenary generals or by wealthy middle-class families.
The Medici Family
One of the most notable families dominating the Italian political life: The Medici Family
The Medici family was a wealthy banking family that rose to power during the 14th century and gradually assumed reins of state.
The Medici family ruled for four generations. They supported scholarship and patronized the arts.
Petrarch: “The Father of Humanism”
Francesco Petrarch, the most famous of the early Florentine humanists
Petrarch was a poet and scholar. He lived from 1304 to 1374.
Devoted his life to recovering, copying, and editing Latin manuscripts.
Petrarch used Latin for his letters and essays. But, he wrote is poems and songs in Vernacular Italian.
Petrarch was acclaimed as the finest practitioner of the sonnet form.
Alberti and Renaissance Virtu’
Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1474)
Formative figure of the Early Renaissance.
Leon Alberti was a mathematician, architect, engineer, musician, and playwright.
“Man can do anything he wants” is a famous statement made by Alberti, who is living proof that this is true.
Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) was a famous humanist philosopher.
Founded the Platonic Academy in Florence.
Launched the reappraisal of Plato and the Neo-Platonist
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) was a humanist poet and theologian.
Pico’s program to recover the past and his reverence for the power of human knowledge dominated the arts and ideas of the High Renaissance.
Baldassare Castiglione•Castiglione was an Italian diplomat who wrote :The Book of the Courtier”
•Castiglione’s Courtier was inspired by a series of conversations that had taken place among a group of 16th century aristocrats at the Court of Urbino.
•His book is an index to cultural changes that were taking place between medieval and early modern times.
•His book was extremely popular. In 1527, he Aldine Press in Venice printed more then 1000 copies. It was translated into 5 languages.
Renaissance Women
Once married, Renaissance women’s roles and rights were carefully limited by men, most of whom considered women their social and intellectual inferiors.
Were held in high esteem as housekeepers and mothers. They were not respectable models for male children, who were supposed to steer away from feminine ways.
Renaissance women’s occupations remained limited to service tasks, such as midwifery and inn keeping. They reaped the benefits of an increasingly commercialized economy in which they might compete successful with men.
Ideal Renaissance Women
Duchess of Urbino was admired for her knowledge of Greek and Latin and for her role as patron of the arts.
Laura Cereta married at age 15 and continued her studies even after the death of her husband. To the conventional list of famous women, Cereta adds the female humanists of her own time.
Machiavelli and Power Politics
Niccolo’ Machiavelli (1469-1527) was a Florentine diplomat.
Machiavelli formulated the idea of the state as an entity that remains exempt from the bonds of conventional morality.
Machiavelli was a ruthless master of power politics who’s views shaped the modern character of humanistic tradition in the European west.
Trivia Questions!
Which family was one of the most notable families dominating the Italian political life?
Who was named “The Father of Humanism”?Baldassare Castiglione, the Italian diplomat,
wrote what famous book? Where is the “Birthplace of the
Renaissance”?
Trivia Answers!
The Medici FamilyFrancesco Petrarch“The Book of the Courtier”Italy
ART ARCHITECTURE
SCIENCEMUSIC AND DANCE
RenaissanceChapter 16
Renaissance Art
Italy and the Neitherlands were a breeding ground for new artists and their ideas and inventions which were expressed through their art.
Patrons of the arts had the most influence on the wealth and acceptance of new artists’ ideas and discoveries.
Through the many renaissance artists many new ideas changed the way people behaved and viewed the world and their fellow man.
Each artist brought with them ideas and how to show a realistic view of life through the use of their art, whether it was through sculptor, painting, architect, or music.
Early Renaissance Artists
Donatello – bronze statue - “David” – an anatomically correct sculpture of man with an innocent boy like expression
Lucca Della Robbia – marble sculptor - “Drummers” – a lifelike depiction of Psalms 150 a musical joyous scene to praise god
Sandro Botticelli – Tempura on Canvas - “Birth of Venus” a painting which represents beauty, love, earth and spirit, the goddess of earthly and spiritual love is depicted
Early Renaissance Architecture
Filippo Brunelleschi – architect, sculptor, and theorist.
Designed the dome of the Florence Cathedral.
Designed architecture with symmetry and proportions
Leon Battista Alberti – a humanist designer
Believed in harmonious design in architecture
Designed the “Santa Maria Novella
Portrait Revival
Jan Van Eyck – painted everyday life. He introduced through his paintings “the psychological portrait – the portrait that probed the temperament, character, or unique personality of the subject.” – “Arnolfini Marriage
Leonardo Da Vinci – with the of light and shade and the mouth and eyes delicately blurred the portrait expression is undetermined - “Mona Lisa”
Artist-Scientists’ Use of Different Perspectives
Picture Pane – the two dimensional surface of the panel or canvas to recreate the illusion of reality and three dimensional space. First used by Jan Van Eyck was improved upon.
Linear Perspective – a tool for translating three dimensional space onto a two dimensional surface. The first laws were formulated by architect, sculptor, Brunelleschi.
Aerial Perspective – subtle blurring of details and diminution of color intensity in objects perceived at a distance.
Perspective Intarsia – the inlay of various kinds of wood to achieve new levels of pictorial illusion.
Reference – Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition Book 3. Fifth Ed. Chapter 15, p.56-58.
Masaccio – aka Tommaso Guidi use of picture pane and linear perspective created depth in this painting “Trinity with the Virgin”
The paintings in the Brancacci Chapel represents a more elaborate synthesis of illusionistic techniques.
“Tribute Money” demonstrates the use of aerial perspective and light and shade.
Lorenzo Ghiberti made use of perspecive intarsia depicted in the “Gates of Paradise”
Leonardo Da Vinci
An artist and scientist.Studied animal, human
and plants in all aspects of life.
Studied wind and water.
Inventor of hundreds of mechanical devices which never left his notebook.
1513 Undertakes scientific studies of botany, geology, and hydraulic power
“Embryo of the Womb” “Wing Construction” “Proportional Study of Man” “The Last Supper”
Other Prominent Artists
Raphael - known for his clarity, harmony and unity of design.
“The Alba Madonna” is seen as a picture that although religious in nature could represent any mother with her children.
“The School of Athens” depicts many philosophers as well as artists and people who have had an impact on the painter’s life.
Michelangelo – poet architect, painter, engineer, regarded himself as a sculptor.
Painted the “Sistine Chapel” the creation and fall of humankind.
“Pieta” – marble sculpture where Mary is disproportonately larger larger than Jesus in her arms.
“David” – larger than life a heroic looking statue with disproportionate hands.
High Renaissance in Venice
1.Venice was called “The jewel of the Adriatic”. It was also a center for trade.
2. Leading artist Gentile Bellini created the oil on canvas “Procession of the Reliquary of the Cross in Piazza San Marco” it captures all the cultures in the Byzantine, Islamic and Western Christian decorative styles.
3. Colorist Giorgio Barbarelli aka Giorgione 4. Colorist Tiziano Vecelli aka Titian
Art of VeniceVenice Bellini
Giorgione/Titian Titian
Music & Dance
The printing press allowed for all types of music to be printed and shared.
The study of music became an important pastime and household entertainment.
Both common musicians and professional musicians created musical works.
With an emphasis on natural sounding music which corresponded to the renaissances idea of natural depicted art in all forms.
Dance became a theatrical form of expression performed by members of court.
Early and High Renaissance Music
Early Renaissance Musician - Guillaume Dufay created motets, masses, and chansons (secular songs).
High Renaissance Musician – Josquin des Prez manipulated music to go along with a picture to express its meaning called “word painting.”
Roland de Lassus created many madrigals, a composition for three to six unaccompanied voices.
The instuments of the time included th clavichord, harpsichord, lute, shawns, cromornes, trumpets trombones, drums and portable organs.
Trivia Questions!
Who painted the Sistine Chapel?What city was called “the jewel of the
Adriatic”?Name an instrument of used to create music
during the renaissance.What invention allowed for the sharing of
musical creations from city to city?Besides being a painter what else did
Leonardo DaVinci study during his lifetime?What is perspective inarsia and which
picture in this presentation displays this artistic technique?
Trivia Answers
MichelangeloVeniceThe instruments of the time included the
clavichord, harpsichord, lute, shawns, cromornes, trumpets trombones, drums and portable organs.
The printing pressStudied animal, human and plants in all aspects of
life, Studied wind and water. Inventor of hundreds of mechanical devices which never left his notebook. 1513 Undertakes scientific studies of botany, geology, and hydraulic power.
the inlay of various kinds of wood to achieve new levels of pictorial illusion.