Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Module 4.

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Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding

Module 4

Circulatory System

Circulatory System The blood circulatory system consists of:-

The heart, which acts as a pump The blood vessels through which the blood circulates.

How The Heart Works? The cardiovascular system, composed of the

heart and blood vessels, is responsible for circulating blood throughout your body to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients.

Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding The heart is the muscle that pumps blood filled with

oxygen and nutrients through the blood vessels to the body tissues. It is made up of: Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) that receive

blood from the body and pump out blood to it. The atria receive blood coming back to the heart. The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.

Blood vessels, which compose a network of arteries, and veins that carry blood throughout the body. Arteries transport blood from the heart to the body tissues. Veins carry blood back to the heart.

Four valves to prevent backward flow of blood. Each valve has flaps that allow the forward flow of blood and prevent the backward flow.

An electrical system of the heart controls how fast it beats.

Types of Blood Vessels and It’s Functions Artery – transport oxygenated blood from the

heart. Vein – transport deoxygenated blood from the

tissue to the heart. Capillary – enable the exchange of molecules

between blood and interstitial fluid

Pattern of Blood Flow in bleeding. Artery

blood spurt out under pressure. bright red in colour,

Vein blood flow describe as a fast moving stream. dark red in colour.

Capillary blood oozes out

Circulatory Problems

What is Heart Attack?1. Cause by reduction of blood supply to the heart.

2. When heart cells are deprived of oxygen and blood, they begin to die, affecting the ability of the heart to pump.

3. Reduction of blood supply caused by blockages due to dislodged blood clots and narrowing of blood vessels due to fat deposits ( too much cholesterol in the bloodstream )

4. When the narrowed artery becomes completely blocked by a blood clot, a heart attack can occur.

Circulatory Problems Heart Attack

Causes and Risk Factor high blood pressure diabetes high cholesterol lack of exercise obesity smoking Genetic factor

Circulatory ProblemsHeart Attack

Signs and Symptoms

• Shortness of breath

Circulatory ProblemsHeart Attack

First Aid Treatment Position – half sitting position Call for ambulance Reassure the casualty Monitor pulse, respiration, and level of

responsiveness Remain with the casualty until help arrives.

Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs

when the body is not getting enough blood flow. This can damage multiple organs. Shock requires IMMEDIATE medical treatment and can get worse very rapidly

Circulatory ProblemsShock

Causes Heart attack Severe blood loss (more than 2 litres) Serous discharge from burns Diarrhoea and vomiting (dehydration)

Allergic reactions

Low blood sugar

Hypothermia

Drug overdose

Spinal Cord injury

Signs and Symptoms Face pale Pulse rapid and weak Skin cold and clammy Sweating Air hunger Weakness and dizziness Unconscious

First aid treatment of shock

Elevate Legs(see next slide)

Loosen constrictive clothing

Precaution Do not allow casualty to eat, drink, smoke or move

unnecessarily. Be with the casualty Do not try to warm the casualty with a hot water bottle

or any direct source of heat.

(instructor to demonstrate treatment of shock

One participant to simulate as casualty)

Allergy An abnormally high sensitivity to certain

substances such as pollens, foods or micro-organisms

Circulatory ProblemsAllergy

Signs and Symptoms1. Sneezing

2. Running nose

3. Itching

4. Skin rashes

5. Swellings

6. Wheezing

7. Breathing difficulty

Circulatory ProblemsAllergy

Treatment Ask casualty whether he suffers from an allergy Assist casualty to take any medication that he

has e.g. ventolin inhaler for asthmatics. Seek medical attention.

Circulatory ProblemsWounds

Classification

Incised wound Caused by sharp object Clean cut Tendons, nerves and arteries damage. Bleeding may be profuse

Laceration wound Cause by barb wires and claws of animals Crushing or ripping force More tissue damage Less profuse bleeding Wound dirty, risk of

infection.

Abrasion ( grazing ) wound Cause by sliding fall or friction Top most layer of skin affected Raw area exposed. Embedded foreign particles. Infection likely

Puncture wound Cause by elongated object. Small entry site

Stab wound Cause by long bladed instrument. Penetrating ability result in organ damage. Life threatening internal bleeding.

Gunshot wound Cause by bullet or missile Serious internal injury Entry wound small, exit wound big.

Contusion ( bruise or haematoma ) wound Cause by blunt blow or punch Capillaries bleed beneath the skin Blood oozes when skin breaks.

Circulatory ProblemsBleeding

Objectives To control bleeding To prevent and lessen the effects of shock Minimise infection Urgent removal to hospital in severe bleeding

injury

Types of Bleeding External bleeding Internal bleeding

Signs and Symptoms of internal bleeding Face pale Cold, Clammy skin. Rapid, weak pulse. Pain. Thirst.

Possible signs of internal bleedingSite Appearance of blood Cause of blood loss

Mouth Bright red, frothy, coughedup blood Bleeding in the lungs

Mouth Vomited blood, red or darkreddish brown. Bleeding in the digestive system

Ear Fresh, bright red blood Injury to the inner or outer ear. Perforated ear drum.Ear Thin, watery blood Leakage of fluid from around brain due to head injury

Nose Fresh, bright red blood Ruptured blood vessel in the nostrilNose Thin, watery blood Leakage of fluid from around brain due to head injuryAnus Fresh, bright red blood Piles, Injury to the anus or lower intestine.

Anus Black, tarry, offensivesmelling stool Disease or injury to the intestine

UrethraUrine with a red or smokyappearance andoccasionally containing clots

Bleeding from the bladder, kidneys, or urethra.

Vagina Either fresh or dark blood Menstruation. Miscarriage. Pregnancy or recentchildbirth, Disease or injury to the vagina or uterus

Treatment Direct pressure application

Elevate the affected part Position casualty flat on the floor Transport casualty with armsling Monitor pulse, respiration and level of response. Check circulation at finger

Precaution Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke. Tourniquet is the last resort for severe bleeding

Embedded object in wound. Control bleeding without pressing the object into the

wound. Pressure applied on both sides of the wound.

Precaution Do not remove the foreign object

Impalement Do not remove casualty from impaled object. Removal can worsen condition. Notify relevant agency to remove impalement.

Precaution (impalement) Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke.

Amputation Partial or complete severance of limb Send severed limb and casualty to hospital. Check for shock and treat accordingly.

Circulatory ProblemsAmputation

Care of amputated part Prevent deterioration of affected part Do not wash the severed part Severed parts should not be in direct contact with

ice. Wrap or place amputated part in plastic bag or

wrapper. Wrap package in gauze or soft fabric. Place it in a container of crushed ice. Mark container with time of injury and casualty’s

Cuts Wash cuts under running water or use alcohol

free wipes. Dry wound. Apply cover.

Foreign Object in a cut Wash off Remove with tweezers Cover cut

Circulatory ProblemsEye Wound

Signs and symptoms Pain and spasm of eyelids. Bloodshot apperarnce Partial or total loss of vision. Leakage of blood or clear fluid from a wound.

Treatment Pad and bandage.

Circulatory ProblemsEar Bleed

Cause Impact to the side of the head Poked by foreign object Explosion

Signs and symptoms Sharp pain Ear ache Deafness Watery blood

Circulatory ProblemsEar Bleed

Precaution Watery blood indicates a skull fracture Leakage from around the brain Do not tilt the casualty’s head.

Treatment Half sitting position Head tilted to the injured side to allow discharge Apply pad lightly to the ear.

Circulatory ProblemsNose Bleed

Cause Blow to the nose Sneezing Picking Blowing the nose

Precaution Watery blood discharge indicates skull fracture. Brain fluid leak into the nose

Circulatory ProblemsNose Bleed

Treatment Sit the casualty with head to lean slightly forward Pinch soft part of nose for 10 minutes Repeat pinching if necessary Do not speak, swallow, cough,

spit, or sniff during treatment. After treatment do not blow the nose.(instructor to demonstrate blood stoppage and participant to

Precaution If nose bleed persists or is severe, seek medical

attention

Circulatory ProblemsAbdominal Wound

Cause Stabbing Gunshot Severe blow to abdomen

Treatment Position casualty flat on floor. Apply dressing over the abdomen. Monitor pulse, respiration, response level Treat for shock if

present

Precaution If casualty become unconscious, open the airway. When casualty cough, press firmly to prevent

stomach organs coming out through wound. Do not touch protruding intestine, Cover with clean plastic bag

or kitchen film to prevent drying. Alternatively use a sterile

dressing.

Circulatory ProblemsFish Hook Injury

Fishing accident Symptoms

Pain Localised swelling Bleeding

Objective Prevent the hook from penetrating deeper.

Treatment Bleeding - Apply direct pressure on both side of the

exposed hook. Three methods to prevent hook from penetrating deeper. Place two gauze pads or similar material on either side of

the exposed hook. Ensure gauze pads are level with the top of the hook

Bandage lightly over the pads and the hook.

Treatment Place hollow device like an inverted cup over the

hook and bandage the cup to secure. Create “doughnut” from bandage and place

hollow part over the hook. Bandage to secure the doughnut in place.

Eye injury apply eye pad. Seek medical help.

Precaution Do not remove a fish hook on your own as it may

cause more injury due to presence of barbs in the hook..

The End

Module 4 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and BleedingFor training purpose only .

Not for sale

Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Module 4.

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