CIVIL AIR PATROLUnited States Air Force AuxiliaryMaxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

Disclaimer:This presentation is for the exclusive use of the Civil

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ROCKETSROCKETS

Aerospace DimensionsAerospace Dimensions

MODULE 4MODULE 4

By Patrick B. Smith, Washington Wing, CAPBy Patrick B. Smith, Washington Wing, CAP

Chapter 1 - History of RocketsChapter 1 - History of Rockets

After completing of this chapter, you should be able to:• Identify historical facts about the Greeks, Chines and

British, and their roles in the development of rockets. • Describe America’s early contributions to the

development of rockets.• List the early artificial and manned rocket launches

and their missions.

Important Terms - History of RocketsImportant Terms - History of Rockets

• Neil Armstrong - first man to walk on the Moon• Roger Bacon - increased the range of rockets• Wernher von Braun - director of the V-2 rocket project• William Congreve - designed rockets for military use• Jean Froissart - improved the accuracy of rockets by launching them

through tubes • Yuri Gagarin - a Russian; the first man in space • John Glenn - the first American to orbit the Earth• Robert Goddard - experimented with solid and liquid propellant

rockets; is called the “Father of Modern Rocketry”• William Hale - developed spin stabilization

Important Terms - History of RocketsImportant Terms - History of Rockets

• Hero - developed the first rocket engine• Sergi Korelev - the leading Soviet rocket scientist• Sir Isaac Newton - laid scientific foundation for modern rocketry with

his laws of motion • Hermann Oberth - space pioneer; wrote a book about rocket travel into

outer space• Alan Shepard - first American in space• Skylab - first US space station• Space Shuttle - a space transportation system for traveling to space

and back to Earth• Sputnik I - first artificial satellite• Konstantine Tsiolkovsky - proposed the use of rockets for space

exploration

ANCIENT HISTORYANCIENT HISTORY• The history of rockets date back to 400 BC

when a Greek named Archytas built a flying wooden pigeon. It was propelled by escaping steam.

• About 300 years later, another Greek, Hero, developed the first “rocket” engine.

Also propelled by steam. As the water was heated, the steam traveled through the tubes and escaped through the L-shaped tubes at opposite ends of the sphere.

ANCIENT HISTORYANCIENT HISTORY• By the first century AD, the Chinese had

developed a form of gunpowder used in fireworks for religious and festive celebrations.

• Experimentation with powder-filled bamboo tubes then attaching these tubes to arrows.

• In 1232, with the Chinese and Mongols at war, these early rockets were used in battle.

EARLY HISTORYEARLY HISTORY• Rocket experiments continued through the 13th

to 15th centuries. • In England, Roger Bacon improved the forms of

gunpowder and increasing the range of rockets. • In France, Jean Froissart achieved more accuracy

by launching rockets through tubes. This idea was the forerunner of the modern bazooka.

ROGER BACON 1214 - 1294

JEAN FROISSART 1330 - 1400?

In the 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton laid the scientific foundations for modern rocketry. These laws later influenced the design of rockets.

EARLY HISTORYEARLY HISTORY• At the end of the 18th century, Colonel

William Congreve had increased the range of rockets from 200 to 3,000 yards.

• Colonel Congreve’s rockets were very successful, not because of accuracy, but because of the sheer numbers that could be fired.

Congreve rockets lit the sky during the battle at Fort McHenry in 1812, while Francis Scott Key wrote his famous poem. The poem later became our national anthem, “The Star Spangled Banner.”

William Hale developed a technique called spin stabilization in which escaping exhaust gases struck small vanes at the bottom of the rocket causing it to spin much as a bullet does in flight. Many rockets still use variations of this principal today.

MODERN ROCKETRYMODERN ROCKETRY

• In 1897, a Russian schoolteacher, Konstantin Tsiolkivsky (1857-1935), proposed the idea of space exploration by a rocket.

• He published a report in 1903 suggesting the use of liquid propellants for rockets to achieve greater range.

• Tsiolkovsky stated that only the exhaust velocity of escaping gasses limited the speed and range of a rocket.

““The Father of Modern AstronauticsThe Father of Modern Astronautics

MODERN ROCKETRYMODERN ROCKETRY• Dr. Robert Goddard conducted experiments with rockets

leading to major breakthroughs in their development.

• His earliest experiments were with solid-propellants but became convinced that liquid fuel would better propel a rocket.

• In 1926, Goddard achieved the first successful flight with a liquid-propellant rocket.

• Dr. Goddard also developed a gyroscope system for flight control.

THE “FATHER OF MODERN ROCKERTY”THE “FATHER OF MODERN ROCKERTY”

In 1923, Herman Oberth of Germany published a book about rocket travel into outer space.

Because of his writings, small rocket societies were started around the world. In Germany, one such society, the Society for Space Travel, led to the development of the V-2 rocket.

MODERN ROCKETRYMODERN ROCKETRY• With the fall of Germany, the Allies captured many

unused V-2 rockets and components.• Wernher von Braun (1912-1977) and 120 other

scientists, came to the United States to teach American Scientists about rocket engineering.

• In the Soviet Union, Sergi Korolev (1907-1966) was the leading Russian scientists. He is considered to be the father of the Soviet space program.

Sergi Korolev was the leading Russian scientist in rocket development. He organized and led the first successful Soviet ICBM in August 1957

THE SPACE RACETHE SPACE RACE

• On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial (man-made) satellite, Sputnik I.

• The United States launched Explorer I on January 31, 1958.

• In October 1958, the United States formally organized the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

THE SPACE RACETHE SPACE RACE• In April 1961, a Russian named Yuri

Gagarin became the first man to orbit Earth.

• Less than a month later, Alan Shepard, on board Mercury 7, became the first American in space.

• President John F. Kennedy announces the objective of putting a man on the Moon by the end of the decade.

ASTRONAUT ALAN B. SHEPARD, USNASTRONAUT ALAN B. SHEPARD, USN

1923 - 19981923 - 1998

Yuri GagarinYuri Gagarin

Astronaut John H. GlennAstronaut John H. Glenn

THE SPACE RACETHE SPACE RACE

• After Project Mercury was Project Gemini using the larger Titan II rocket.

• Gemini demonstrated that rendezvous and docking of two spacecraft could be safely done in space.

• The Apollo program began with the development of the Saturn I, IB and V launch vehicles.

The

“Mercury Seven”

THE SPACE RACETHE SPACE RACE

• In October 1968, a Saturn IB launched the first three-person mission, Apollo 7.

• After Project Mercury was Project Gemini using the larger Titan II rocket.

• The Apollo Program landed a man on the moon in 1969.

• Three separate missions in 1973-1974 to the US space station Skylab.

Neil Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the moon, July 20, 1969

SKYLAB

SKYLAB WAS LAUNCHED IN 1973 AND HAD THREE SEPARATE MISSIONS BETWEEN 1973 AND 1974. THE LAST MISSION LASTED 84 DAYS

THE SPACE SHUTTLE READY FOR LAUNCH

Chapter 2 - Rocket PrinciplesChapter 2 - Rocket Principles

After completing of this chapter, you should be able to:• Define acceleration• Define inertia• Define thrust• Describe Newton’s First Law of Motion• Describe Newton’s Second Law of Motion• Describe Newton’s Third Law of Motion

• acceleration - the rate of change in velocity with respect to time• inertia - the tendency of an object at rest to stay at rest and an object in

motion to stay in motion• Newton’s First Law of Motion - a body at rest remains at rest and a body

in motion tends to stay in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an outside force

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion - the rate of change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon the body and is in the direction of force

• Newton’s Third Law of Motion - to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

• thrust - to force or push, the amount of push used to get the rocket traveling upwards

Important Terms - Rocket PrinciplesImportant Terms - Rocket Principles

• acceleration - the rate of change in velocity with respect to time• inertia - the tendency of an object at rest to stay at rest and an object in

motion to stay in motion• Newton’s First Law of Motion - a body at rest remains at rest and a body

in motion tends to stay in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an outside force

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion - the rate of change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon the body and is in the direction of force

• Newton’s Third Law of Motion - to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

• thrust - to force or push, the amount of push used to get the rocket traveling upwards

Important Terms - Rocket PrinciplesImportant Terms - Rocket Principles

PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

• In its simplest form, a rocket is a chamber enclosing a gas under pressure. A small opening at one end of the chamber allows the gas to escape, and thus provides a thrust that propels the rocket in the opposite direction.

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTIONMOTION

• A body a rest remains at rest and a body in motion tends to stay in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by an outside

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTIONOF MOTION

• The rate of change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon the body and is in the direction of the force

• Mass (m), acceleration (a), and force (f) - f = ma (force equals mass times acceleration)

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTIONMOTION

• To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Chapter 3 - Rocket Systems and Chapter 3 - Rocket Systems and ControlsControls

After completing of this chapter, you should be able to:• Identify the four major systems of a rocket.• Describe the purpose of each of the four major

systems of a rocket. • Define payload.

• airframe - the shape of the rocket • control system - steers the rocket and keeps it stable• guidance system - gets the rocket to its destination; the brain

of the rocket• payload - what the rocket is carrying• propulsion - everything associated with propelling the rocket • thrust - to force or push; the amount of push used to get a

rocket traveling upwards

Important Terms - Rocket Systems and ControlsImportant Terms - Rocket Systems and Controls

Are there any questions?