Post on 28-May-2020
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Perceptual Development:Methods
Classical ConditioningMacFarlane (1978)
Classical ConditioningMacFarlane (1978)
Classical Conditioning
UCS (light) UCR (movement) CS (tone) CR (movement)
Tactile & Taste PerceptionBlass, Ganchrow, & Steiner (1984)
UCR = rooting & sucking to UCS of sweet fluid inmouth
Sweet fluid paired with CS of stroking infant’s head Newborns rooted & sucked to head strokes
Logic of Classical Conditioning
Modify elicited, reflexive behaviors If NS ∏ CS… If NS doesn’t ∏ CS… depends on UR
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Operant Conditioning:DeCasper & Spence (1986)
Contingent (conjugate) reinforcement = Pregnant moms read Dr. Seuss
Read new vs. old story after birth
Operant Conditioning:DeCasper & Spence (1986)
Non-nutritive nipple sucking
Short IBIs Long IBIs
Sullivan & Lewis, 2003
String pulling video
Logic of Operant Conditioning
Modify emitted, intentional responses If frequency changes, infer sensitive to reinforcer,
cared about consequences, paired emitted behaviorwith reinforcer
If frequency doesn’t change… no answers
Experimental methods: Psychophysiological
Measure the relationship between behaviour andphysiological processes
Autonomic system changes: Heart rate, skin conductance
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Experimental methods: Psychophysiological
Measure the relationship between behaviour andphysiological processes
Autonomic system changes: Heart rate, skin conductance
Brain activity: EEG - electroencephalography (and ERP - event-related
potentials)
http://users.umassmed.edu/teresa.mitchell/forparents.html
Dehaene-Lambertz & Dehaene, 1994
Novelty detection Object processing Visual motion Mirror neurons Face/Eye gaze processing Speech sound perception Voice “recognition” Word processing in biL Cross-modal integration Atypical development
Experimental methods: Psychophysiological
Measure the relationship between behavior andphysiological processes
Autonomic system changes: Heart rate, skin conductance
Brain activity: EEG electroencephalography (and ERP event-related
potentials) fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging
http://www.mch.com/clinical/radiology/fmri/Clinicaluses.html
Speech perception Language processing Clinical uses Adolescence
Experimental methods: Psychophysiological
Measure the relationship between behavior andphysiological processes
Autonomic system changes: Heart rate, skin conductance
Brain activity: EEG electroencephalography (and ERP event-related
potentials) fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging NIRS Optical tomography
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Imaging sound perception in infants - OT
Peña et al., 2003http://infantstudies.psych.ubc.ca/meth_nirs.htmlhttp://www.spectroscopynow.com/FCKeditor/UserFiles/Image/spectroscopyNOW_ezines_2005/SN/SN14a/SN14a_I_baby.jpg
Experimental methods: Psychophysiological
Measure the relationship between behavior andphysiological processes
Autonomic system changes: Heart rate, skin conductance
Brain activity: EEG electroencephalography (and ERP event-related
potentials) fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging NIRS Optical tomography MEG magnetoencephalography
Developmental Speech Perception:Behavioural and Neural Insights
Perceptual Development
Yukkuri hanashi te kudasaipleasespeak-youslowly
Yukkurihanashitekudasai
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Early speech perception & production
Kuhl, 2004
Speech perception
mental processes that allow us to recognize, select,organize, and interpret the sounds of spokenlanguage
Why is speech perception interesting? What are the main questions in speech perception
research? What are the units of perception? What is the percept? (which processes are “perceptual”?) How are rules represented? What is special about speech?
Some Topics
Perceiving speech versus other sounds Distinguishing between speech sounds:
Universal beginnings Tuning in infancy
Use of speech sounds when learning words Segmenting units from continuous speech Speech perception and actions
Early perceptual biases
Newborns prefer to listen to their mother’s voice
DeCasper & Fifer, 1980
And so do fetuses…
Kisilevsky et al., 2003
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Early perceptual biases
Newborns prefer to listen to their own language
Mehler et al., 1988
Early perceptual biases
Newborns prefer to listen to speech
Vouloumanos & Werker, 2007
Imaging speech perception in infants - fMRI
Dehaene-Lambertz, Dehaene, & Hertz-Pannier, 2002 Dehaene-Lambertz, Dehaene, & Hertz-Pannier, 2002
Dehaene-Lambertz, Dehaene, & Hertz-Pannier, 2002
Information flow during speech processing
Dehaene-Lambertz et al., 2006
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Imaging sound perception in infants - OT
Peña et al., 2003
• LH over helmet in adult occipital region• Continuous head position monitoring
Ka video
Perception of speech sounds
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Perception of speech sounds
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English stop consonants
Hindi stop consonants
English stop consonants
Conditioned head-turn procedure Perception of speech sounds:Language-specific speech tuning
Roles of Experience(Gottlieb, 1976; Modified by Aslin & Pisoni, 1981)
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Koba!
Target
Non-target
Actor1 can no longer reach objects
with A. Martin, K. Onishi
Five principles of perceptualdevelopment
Principle #1:Sensitivity vs. Perception
Sensitivity (discrimination) is not equivalent toperceptual understanding
Perception is not equivalent to adaptive responding Generally, the order of emergence is sensitivity,
perceptual understanding, and finally adaptiveresponding
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Principle #2:Perceptual-Motor Development
Perception functions to guide action Perception & action are linked developmentally Perception in infants is measured with action;
physiological measures must be correlated withaction
Principle #3:Multiple Measures
Multiple measures exploit the richness of infants’behavior
Multiple measures confirm, augment, or reinterpretfindings from single measures
Principle #4:Sampling Intervals
Adequate sampling intervals are required tocharacterize developmental change
Most developmental research has not sampledadequately to distinguish various trajectories (thus,little evidence for or against developmental stages orany other pattern of change)
Principle #5:Age & Experience
Age is not an independent variable; it is not anexplanatory variable; it is not a grouping variable;age is a stand-in for unknown factors
Experience is typically measured by days sinceonset; there is no punctate onset; days-since-onsetis a stand-in for unknown factors