Post on 16-Apr-2017
transcript
1
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
• As a highly skilled servant, Haydn was to compose all the music requested by his patron
He was also required to “appear daily in the antechamber before and after
midday and inquire whether His Highness was pleased to order a
performance of the orchestra.”
2
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
• Once when the Prince stayed at the palace longer than usual, the orchestra members came to Haydn and asked to go back to Vienna
• They missed their wives and children• Haydn obliged them by composing his Symphony
in F Sharp Minor, now known as the farewell symphony
3
Where Haydn Worked
The Esterhazy castle (Eisenstadt Austria)
The Concert Hall of the Esterhazy Castle
4
Haydn’s Music
• He was a pioneer in both the development of the symphony and the string quartet
• Both Mozart and Beethoven were affected by his style
• He never forgot the peasant dances and songs of his childhood and many of his works have a folk flavor
5
Haydn’s Music
• He was a master at developing themes• He would split them into small fragments to be
repeated quickly by different instruments• In these movements contrast of mood comes from
changes in texture, key, rhythm, dynamics and orchestration
• The contagious joy that comes from his lively rhythms and vivid contrasts makes it clear why London went wild
6
Haydn’s Music
• Most of his writing revolves around his 104 symphonies that were written over a 45 year span from 1758-1795
• Many of his most popular symphonies have nicknames such as; Surprise (No. 94), Military (No. 100), Clock (No. 101), and Drum Roll (No. 103)
7
• Listen to:
• Symphony No. 94 in G Major Mvt. 1 (Surprise)
Don Giovanni "Introduction"
Haydn’s Music
8
Listen to:
Trumpet Concerto in E flat Major Mvt. III
Haydn’s Music
9
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
• One of the most amazing child prodigies in history
– He was born in Salzburg, Austria– By the time he was six he could play the harpsichord and
violin, improvise fugues, write minuets, and read music perfectly at sight
– At age eight he wrote his first symphony; at eleven, an oratorio; at twelve, an opera
– By his early teens he had enough works to his credit for a composer 3 times his age
10
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
• At 16 he was in Rome and was able to hear the Sistine chapel choir performing a work that was treasured property
• He went home and wrote the whole thing out by memory • To copy this music was a crime; for anyone to hear it
and remember it so accurately was incredible• Mozart was not punished, he was knighted by the Pope
for his musical accomplishments
11
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
• At age 25 he finally broke free of his place in Vienna and traveled to Venice to try to make it as a freelance musician
• For a few years he was successful– His operas: The Abduction from the Seraglio, 1782,
and The Marriage of Figaro, 1786, were huge successes• He followed up with Don Giovanni the following
year, but it pushed the Viennese too far– Dark subjects and dissonance did not appeal to them
12
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
• He died of unknown circumstances on December 5, 1791 a few weeks short of his 36th birthday
• He was buried in an unmarked mass grave near the chapel
13
Mozart’s Music
• He was one of the most versatile composers• He wrote masterpieces in all the forms of the time• His symphonies are as profound as his string
quartets, his piano concertos as dramatic and lyrical as his operas
• His works convey a feeling of grace, ease, and spontaneity, as well as balance, restraint, and perfect proportion
14
Mozart’s Music
• Not only do Mozart’s compositions sound effortless; they were created with miraculous ease and rapidity
• He completed his last 3 symphonies in only 6 weeks
• He composed extended works in his mind before ever writing them down
• He could even carry on a conversation while notating a score
15
Mozart’s Music
• Don Giovanni (1787)– A unique blend of comic and serious opera– It combines seduction and slapstick with violence
and the supernatural– It is the old tale of Don Juan, the legendary
Spanish lover – Mozart’s Don Giovanni is an extremely charming
but ruthless nobleman who will stop at nothing to satisfy his sexual appetite
16
Mozart’s Music
Listen to:
Act I Leporello’s catalog aria (Madamina)
17
Mozart’s Music
• Listen to:• Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550
(1788) • Is the most passionate and dramatic of his
symphonies• Although the work is classical in form and
technique, it is almost romantic in emotional intensity
18
Mozart’s Music
• Listen to:• Second Movement: Andante• The mood of the andante hovers between gentleness
and longing• The andante is written in sonata form and is the only
movement in major• This movement develops from a series of gently
pulsing notes in the opening theme
19
Mozart’s Music
• Listen to:• Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488 (1786)
First Movement: Allegro– The gentle opening movement blends lyricism with a touch of sadness owing
many shifts between major and minor– Two main lyrical themes introduced by the orchestra in the first exposition
are restated by the piano and orchestra in the second exposition– The development section is based on a new legato theme that is unexpectedly
introduced by the orchestra after a dramatic pausE– Mozart creates a dramatic confrontation by juxtaposing fragments of this new
theme, played by the woodwinds, and the restless ideas in the piano and orchestra
20
Mozart’s Music
• Requiem in D Minor, K. 626 (1791)• Although he did not live to complete this mass for the dead, it remains
still one of the finest choral works of the classical period• It was commissioned anonymously by an unscrupulous nobleman
who was going to claim the work as his own• Mozart composed 9 movements and part of a 10th before his death
– His friend Franz Xaver Sussmayr filled out the often sketchy orchestration of the 10th movement and added 4 others
21
Mozart’s Music
• Listen to:• Dies Irae (Day of Wrath) • Is based on a 13th century text which vividly describes the
last judgement• Enormous tension is created by the key of D minor, the
stormy rushing violin notes and the distinctive rhythmic patterns of the opening phrase, which intensifies the word irae (wrath)
22
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
• He has been compared in genius to and stature to William Shakespeare and Michelangelo
• He opened new realms of musical expression and profoundly influenced composers throughout the 19th century
23
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
• During his 29th year, he began to feel the first symptoms of deafness
• His doctors could do nothing to halt the progress of the disease nor the torment it was causing him
• He could not go out in public because of his shame at becoming deaf
• He even thought about ending his life, but he felt he could not until he had “brought forth all that I felt was within me”
24
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
• Beethoven could not write 3 symphonies in 6 weeks like Mozart
• He would painstakingly work on every detail until it was just right
• Sometimes it would take years to complete a symphony
• He would carry around note books and constantly make refinements to his work. He usually worked on several pieces at once
25
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathetique; 1798)
• This term, coined by Beethoven suggests the tragically passionate character of this piano sonata
• His impetuous playing and masterful improvisational powers are mirrored in the sonata’s dynamic contrasts, explosive accents, and crashing chords
• At the age of 27 Beethoven had already created a style of playing that foreshadowed 19th century romanticism
26
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
• Listen to:• Second Movement: Adagio cantable
(lyrical adagio)• In A flat major, is slow and intimate• It is in rondo form and can be outlined A B
A C A---Coda
27
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
• Listen to:• Third Movement: Rondo (Allegro)• The last movement in C minor is a rapid and
energetic rondo• It is outlined A B A C A B A—Coda• The lively main them in minor contrasts with the
other sections, which are in major
28
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 (1808)• This symphony opens with one of the most
famous rhythmic ideas in all music, a short-short-long motive
• Beethoven reportedly explained this four-note motive as “fate knocking at the door”
• It dominates the first movement and also plays an important role later in the symphony
29
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
• Listen to:• First Movement: Allegro con brio (allegro with
vigor)• Listening guide pg. 261• This allegro con brio is an enormously powerful
and concentrated movement in sonata form• It’s character is determined by a single rhythmic
motive, short-short-long, from which Beethoven creates an astonishingly variety of musical ideas
30
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
• Listen to:• Second Movement: Andante con moto (moderately
slow, with movement)• This movement, mostly in A flat major is mostly relaxed
and lyrical but also contains moments of tension and heroism
• It is an extended set of variations based on two themes
31
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
• Listen to:• Third Movement: Allegro (scherzo)• This movement is a rapid scherzo in C
minor, with 3 sections – A (scherzo), B (trio), A` (scherzo)
32
Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)
Listen to:• Fourth Movement: Allegro
– This movement is in sonata form and is the climax of the symphony
– It brings the victory C major over C minor, of optimism and exultation over struggle and uncertainty