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Classifying informal institutions(governance
structures) in EthiopiaNile Basin Challenge program : N3 on targeting and scaling
out By: Kiros Habtu 19 April 2012
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Introduction The conceptual framework Classify the informal
institutions(governance structure) for Ethiopia
Compare the informal institutions(governance structures)
Conclusion
overview
Understanding what rainwater management practice (RMP) works where? ◦ Bio-physical ◦ Socio-economic◦ Institutional
Often RMP requires cooperation between farmers (social capital)◦ No maps for cooperation at basin scale
Can we use informal institutions (governance structures) as a proxy for assessing cooperation/social capital?
Nile 3 on targeting and scaling out
• Identify the existing informal institutions in Ethiopia
• Define their respective role and economic purpose
• Classify informal institutions based on their roles
Objectives of the Study
Material◦ Literature review◦ Existing secondary data (IFPRI ERH survey,
NBDC farmers’ focus group discussion) Methods
◦ Desk study on informal institutions in Ethiopia◦ Development of a conceptual classification
framework◦ Applied the classification framework to Ethiopian
context
Material and methods
Introduction The conceptual framework Describe the identified informal institutions(
structures) for Ethiopia Classify the structure Conclusion
Overview
New institutional economics (Williamson 2000)◦ Multi-level approach of institutional analysis Þ Governance structure emerge to address particular
issues linked specific transaction characteristics. Poor Economics by Banjeree and Duflo 2011
◦ Rewriting economic theory from the perspective of the poor
=> Dimensions regulated by informal governance structures in developing countries
Conceptual classification framework
Conceptual classifying framework
Risk reduction
credit
Labor power
NRM
Conflict R.
Information
0246810
Introduction The framework Describe the identified informal
institutions(governance structures) for Ethiopia
Classify the structure Conclusion
Overview
Iddir Eqqub Mehber Debo/Wonfel/Jigie/labor sharing Oxen sharing Elder’s group Gadaa system Women’s association
Institutions analyzed in the Ethiopian context
Iddir : mainly organizes funeral activities and supports financially the family 85% of HH are members Sometimes
◦ Cover medical expenses ◦ Support oxen loss ◦ Compensation in case of fire Offer
weather insurances ◦ Conflict resolution within the
community◦ Gives credit (23% in survey data) ◦ Shares information from
campaigns (HIV) ◦ House construction
Iddir
Primary role : risk reduction Secondary role : credit, information, conflict
resolution
Classification of Iddir
Mahber/Senbete-are voluntary and mutual aid community (religious) associations peculiar to Orthodox Church followers. Financial support to needy families Share information / campaign Sometimes
◦ Support sick person◦ Gives credits◦ Share information / campaigns ◦ Conflict resolution ◦ Organize collective action and labor sharing◦ Supports funerals
Mahber
Primary role : risk reduction, Information Secondary role : credit, labor, conflict
resolution
Classifying Mehber
Eqqub-an informal organization established voluntarily to collect a specific amount of money from the members on a specific date to be paid on round and lottery basis to the members (Rotating savings and credit associations)
Gives credit Allows to save money Sometimes
◦ Information sharing ◦ Business trainings ◦ Consultancies
Eqqub
Classifying Equub Primary role:Credit Secondary role: Information
Women’s association- is a voluntary association of women group who have explicit agreement to help each other in a specified way when well-defined events occur
25 % HH are members (IFPRI) Give credit to women Cover expenses that Iddir does not cover What they sometimes do:
◦ Share information
Woman’s association
Primary role:Risk reduction, credit Secondary role:information
Classifying Women’s assocaition
Debo/Wenfel/labor share-are arrangement of agricultural work groups in rural Ethiopia.◦ “pooling the labor of a number of people from
an area to assist one or more individuals with building a house, cultivating a large piece of land, or ploughing, harvesting crops, clearing forests and similar tasks through promises of future reciprocity among member participants
Sometimes :◦ Share information about common issues of
member◦ Support if unexpected natural catastrophies
Labor sharing : Debo/Wenfel/Jigie
Some statistical evidence about Debo/Wenfel/oxen/labor
sharing Percentage of HH who
called the members for work party(44%)
Percentage of HH who work in reciprocity(63.4%)
not call for work party call for work party0 1
Primary role:labor(man) power Secondary role:risk reduction, information
Classifying Debo/wenfel/labor sharing
Pairing oxen if both households do not have sufficient oxen
=> Considered similar to labor sharing
Oxen sharing
Gadaa/Cheffee Kore-one form of social organization based on the age-grade classes of males that succeed every 8 years to serve the community in economic, political, military and social issues.
Do mainly conflict resolution◦ mainly about ressource related conflict
Sometimes ◦ Resolve other conflicts◦ Resource management ◦ Information sharing / campaigns ◦ Water management ◦ Management of wetlands ◦ Management of rangeland
Gadaa/Cheffee Kore
Classifying Gadaa/Cheffee Kore
Primary role:conflict resolutionSecondary role:information, NRM
Risk reduction
credit
Labor power
NRM
Conflict R.
Information
0
1
2
Gadaa/Cheffee kore
Elder’s’ Group- Group-called Shimagelay is a traditional association of Elders people who are elected by the local community in order to serve the society in times of disagreements and coordinate them in common resource management.
Mainly they do Conflict resolution ◦ Natural ressource related conflicts ◦ Boundaries conflict◦ Family conflict ◦ Ethnic conflicts
Sometimes ◦ Natural ressource management◦ Information sharing
Elders’ Group
40% of conflicts are resolved by elders group (IFPRI)
0 Village officials
Land use committee Social courtVillage elders Woreda court
Primary role:Conflict resolution Secondary role:NRM, Information
Classifying Elder’s group
Introduction The conceptual framework Classify the informal institutions(governance
structure) Compare the informal
institutions(governance structures) Conclusion
overview
That reduce risk
Cover specific issues connected to market failures only
That avoid market failures
Focus on social cohesion Play an important role in natural resource
management though it is not their primary role
Social duties and conflict resolution
Risk reduction
credit
Labor power
NRM
Conflict R.
Information
0
1
2
Gadaa/Cheffee kore
Conclusion
1. Classify informal institutions in to three categories :• Risk Reduction (iddir, mehber, women’s association)• Market failure (Eqqub, Debo/Wenfel/labor/oxen
sharing)• Conflict resolution (Elder’s group and gadda/cheffe)
2. Institutions involved in risk reduction are more important for the cooperation/social captial• Might be the best proxy for cooperation /social
capital3. No institution address natural resources management
as a primary role