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1
Section I
Overview
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1 The cognitive linguistics enterprise: an
overview1
Vyvyan Evans, Benjamin K. Bergen and Jörg Zinken
1 Introduction
C m . I -d w vsgg sp w m gg, md d
- x. I m 1970 (Fm, 1975; L &Tm, 1975; R, 1975) m gg w w dm, m, dsps gss d
. W , , ,
m 1960 1970, .2
N m z, C Fm 1970 (.., Fm, 1975) G L
1980s (.g., Lk, 1987). As mp v ds ss Gs psygy, s ppd y y Ld my (.g., 2000) d Rd
L (.., 1987). F,
,
(K & MD,
1978) m N T L (G& L, 2005). I , m
m m .E m 1970 1980 m
m , m ( x) - U S.3 D 1980,
E, Bm, H Gm.B 1990,
E N Am, --d gp ss w dd msvs s ‘gv gss’. Ts d,
1989, mj D, Gm, m I C L A, , , -
j Cognitive Linguistics. I
, R L (1991, . x), ‘m , mm.’
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 3
C ‘mm’ ‘’, - . I,
mm mmm , , ( )
s. T pps s s sm mj ssmps dmmm m . W j
z , m m , x m m .4
2 Two key commitments o cognitive linguistics
T z m mmm(L, 1990). T - , m m m m : cognitive semantics, cognitive
approaches to grammar , .
2.1 The Generalization Commitment
T Generalization Commitment (L, 1990). I
dd zg g pps ppy sps mgg. Ts g s js sp ss sdd mmm s
sk ds gzs pss. I s gv gss
, -y ds s s s pgy (sd), sms (wd d s
m), m (m x), m ( ),x ( ), . A , z , . T ormal linguistics.
Fm gss mps md gg y psg xp m
m mm . S m ,
. Fm m m Nm Cm (.., 1965, 1981, 1995) G G,
Fm Sm, R M(1970, 1973; C, 1993, ).
W ,
d syx sgy d kds sg pps pg
m. F , x ‘m’ md w sg wds ss, ws pgy ‘md’ s
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4 the cognitive linguistics reader
m , . T
j
s-dsps, y gds py, s mps
, , m z, mm.Cgv gss kwdg my s s s
s syx, sms d pgy s g y ds. Hwv, gv
Gz Cmmm, gv gss d s w ssmp
‘mds’ ‘ssysms’ gg gzd sgy dvg
wys, dd wy ds mds v xs. Ts, Gz
Cmmm pss mmm py vsgg w vs sps
gs kwdg mg m mm s m gv s p
w y dw, ssmg y pdd psd mds
md.T Gz C .
F, mm m , - x . F ,
j m – xm , – m z m (.., , 2003), x (..,G, 1995), (.., J & O, 1984). Gz x ’ j –
; x ,
d dvpm mss. Sd, gv gs pps k ‘’, ‘z’ . L m z – , m , , . I x m ( ), m z, – j z . V
, , m, x, m . A m mx m z – x –
x m m z, m .
2.2 The Cognitive Commitment
T sd mmm s md Cgv Cmmm (Lk, 1990). I
pss mmm pvdg z g pps
gg d w w s kw md d m
. I mmm m , m .
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 5
Js s Gz Cmmm ds s pps
gg s d ss sps gg, d m,
Cgv Cmmm pss vw pps gs s
sd w s kw m g m gv d
ss, py psygy, g, gv s,d pspy. I wds, Cgv Cmmm sss mds
gg d gs gz ppsd sd w s kw
m md, py s ds s s s p
kds msms my ps (s C, 1998, dsss
s s p).
T C C . F,
s d ss psss v kw pps
m m. F ,
m m , m j. S, m , x m x m m m m m m. F xm, m z-, d y ds wd mg sm msms sps
gz gv dms s smp ypszs
sp sysm pg x sms. Fy, s m p
m m x – (G, / m).
3 Cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammar
H mmm , m , , .
Cgv gss p gy dvdd w m s
s: gv sms d gv (pps ) gmm. T
sdy kw s gv sms s d w vsgg sp
w xp, p sysm, d sm s dd y -
gg. I sp ms, ss wkg gv sms vsg kwdg
ps (conceptual structure), d mg s (conceptualization).
Cgv smss v mpyd gg s s g w s g-
v pm vsgd. Csqy, s gv sms
ds sd mdg m md s m s s d w
vsgg gs sms. A gv pp gmm s d
w mdg gg sysm ( m ‘gmm’),
md p s. Hwv, ds s y kg s s sg p ss
wk gv sms. Ts ws s mg s gv pps
gmm.5
I s g sdy gv sms dgv pps gmm sy sp p, s y
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6 the cognitive linguistics reader
ms mps dms qy yg gy kd –ms
wk gv gss ds ssy vsg x sms
d gmm gz jy.
A m, mm
. S R L (.., 1987,1991, 1991, 1999) z
z. I Cognitive Grammar , L
mm, .
T sd v vsg, psd y ss dg Fm
d Ky (Fm ., 1988; Ky & Fm, 1998), Lk (Lk & Tmps,
1975; L, 1987) G (1995, 2003/ m) m B C (2005/ m) C (2002), m m
m m .T - ,
m mm , m, , s, mps psss, d s. Rss w v psd
construction grammars. T
- symbolic
assembly, construction ( mm , , ..,G, 1995, ).
4 Cognitive semantics: guiding principles
I m - . C m, , m. T m . H,
m z m. I ( m). IS 5 x j
‘’ m.T m :
) C m ( ‘m ’).
) Sm .
) M .
) M z.
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 7
4.1 Conceptual structure is embodied
D , - ,
- . I , ‘’ ,
, . O x x . W
(.., ),
(V ., 1991). F , -
, , , ,
, . H
x
. S ,
,
. H . T – – x.
T w mdd g d gs mg
s s. I s vd mdm dsps w ms
p gg w v, d w spks gv gg w
‘’ (S, 1995; Wz, 1996). H,
m m m m (.., Núñz & Fm, 1999).
T x – ,
z – .I , ‘’
. W
,
x. F ,
x. T , ,
. T ( )
.
4.2 Semantic structure is conceptual structure
T m , , j x. I , semantic structure (
) conceptual structure (.., ).
Ts ‘ps’ vw s dy dds w ‘d’ pspv
m mm objectivist semantics, xm m m m.
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8 the cognitive linguistics reader
H,
. I,
, x,
. A , ,
. F x, L (1987) ,
. W
moustache. H, E
( - ).
I lexical concepts,
( E, 2004, 2006; E & G, 2006)
-. 6
4.3 Meaning representation is encyclopaedic
T d gdg pp ds sm s s encyclopaedic .
T m x m( - dictionary view, Hm, 1980, ). R, ‘ ’ m (.., L, 1987).
O s, m x ps ‘ps ss’ ypd
m m m.
T x (1) x (2) m sad happy.
(1) James is sad.
(2) James is happy.
N,
m ‘m’ meaning construction: ‘’ x .
B x sae. T ,
m x . , xm (3), F (2002), x .
(3) a. The child is sae.
b. The beach is sae.
c. The shovel is sae.
I x, (3) m m.H, (3) . I,
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 9
z.
Sm, (3) m m m, m . T xm x sae child , beach shovel . I
, , , . W ‘’
m ‘’ m x .
4.4 Meaning construction is conceptualization
T . I,
, ( ) ‘’
. A, . M - z,
.
M ‘’ ‘’ .
5 Cognitive semantics: major theories and approaches
I m m m, xm m
.
5.1 Image schema theory
T s image schema ws dvpd p y Mk
J. I 1987 , Te Body in the Mind , J x
mg sms. Ts dmy ps k contact, container d
balance, pre-
conceptual experience. T x m . T - ,
, m, m - x m .
T dvpm psygs J Md (.g. 1992, 1996, 2004) s md
m ppss g w mg sms mg s m mdd
x. S j
m. M x, m x, m
. F , container - . I ‘’
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10 the cognitive linguistics reader
. I , container m m m x.
L (1987, 1990, 1993/ m) J (1987) -
m m m mpx ps, d sysmy xdd pvd s
m m. A , in (4) love m container. I , m-m m mx .
(4) a. James is in love.
b. Susan is in trouble.c. The government is in a deep crisis.
A J, m z power - love crisis
container m.Md (2004) dss pss mg mg sms ms
x perceptual meaning analysis.A , ‘[O] z msm, w sp s s mppd p s’ (Md,
1992, p. 591). S sggss ‘Bs, xps w wdm ’ m , ’ (M, 1992, . 597). I , x, m mm, m m m m . A, m , m ( Bm &C, 2003/ m). N, m m mmp p s mdm. Ts, ms
m , m m.
5.2 Encyclopaedic semantics
T d vw m gss ds mg dvdd
m m. A , m lexical semantics:
m m. I , - x , m
‘ ’. O , m m , m .
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 11
I , m . T -
, .
) T m m.) E .) E m m x.) Lx m . ) E m.
i) There is no principled distinction between semantics and pragmatics
F, j
‘’ mg d, d pgm, s mg
. T m m m m m . K m ‘m’ .
Cgv smss d ps ms m x w -
m m ( -). I ypd kwdg: s y ypd kwdg, w ssms
m .
ii) Encyclopaedic knowledge is structured
T z m. C m vw ypd kwdg s sd sysm kwdg, gzd s
. M, , , . F xm, mango m , , m, x . T m, .
iii) Encyclopaedic meaning emerges in context
E x() , ‘’
m m x . F xm, sae
. W m x . Sae ‘ ’ x
. A sae ‘ ’,
x m m .Cmpd w dy vw mg, w sps mg
(m) m - m (m), m . N ,
‘’ x. F, ‘’
x m. Fm , - - x,
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12 the cognitive linguistics reader
kwdg, w s d semantic potential (Evs, 2006) purport (C &
C, 2004; C, 2000) x m.
iv) Lexical items are points of access to encyclopaedic knowledge
T ypd pp vws x ms s points o access ypd (L, 1987). A, - m. I, - .
v) Encyclopaedic knowledge is dynamic
F, m , - . C x
car. O
w s, qs kwdg gdg s, d s (sB, .., 1999).T m. T
m m, CFm (.., 1975, 1977, 1982, 1985; Fm & A, 1992). A m R L (.., 1987).
Fm ppss semantic rame s smz xp (
), , -m mm. T m m x. T,
m .Lgk’s (.g., 1987) y dms (k Fm’s y Fm
Sm), m m , x . L
domains.
5.3 Categorization and Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs)
A d mp dvpm gv sms s Gg
Lk’s y Idzd Cgv Mds (ICMs), dvpd s w ss
1987 k Women, Fire and Dangerous Tings. Lk Fm’s sm
m, d Lgk’s dms, ICMs vy s kgd kwdg
ss w sp w x ps vzd. Hwv, Lk’s
m w ddssg sss gz w mgd m dvpms
.I 1970s classical theory m gz – s d s d
dd s m Gk psps– ws d qs.
T w ds d s dvpm mgd m s E Rs d gs pyps d s v gy s (.g.,
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 13
Rs, 1975, 1977, 1978; Rs & Mvs, 1975; Rs ., 1976). Rs’s wk
gz, kw s pyp y, ws, , ss y kwdg
ps ss dgs w pvdd w sgs m
gz. I s s dgs d y, Rs ppsd ms
gz y ms necessary and sucient conditions ssy w pyp, vy s m ps
ssms ky s s s ps ss gv
gy.
T m , , m xm . mskg my gs pp v zzy ds,
. I m zz, furniture. W table chair ,
carpet . R ds s pdd y ss vw, m sjs pp v
j . M, x, j m.
A typicality eects. F xm,w pp jdg table chair s ‘gd xmps’ gy furniture,
carpet j x. T
.D R’ m zz
, m .‘T -
m m ’. (R, 1978: 261).
I , ‘’ m, ‘’ w gs psd m md. Lk (1987) pss
x
R .L z idealized cognitive models (ICMs). T
vy s m pss ps ‘s’ wd.
Mv, ICMs gd gv psss k gz d sg. Lk
m m . O mm ICM .
C ICM bachelor . T ICM m m, m- . I ICM, L , bachelor . F, ICM z,
m m m. T .
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14 the cognitive linguistics reader
C P bachelor. W ’ ‘ ’ , marriage, P, ,
s jdgd p xmp s p gy. Lk ’s y s
. T pope m ICM catholic church, m.C, mm m. I ICM bachelor , P ‘ ’ , m. H, P P m catholic church ICM m C .
T m , L, s, y v ss ICMs pp v ss . F s, ypy
exemplar ( ) .T metonymy,
. T, L metonymic ICMs.
A x ICM housewife-mother,
,
. T housewife-mother
, , mother .
x mother. A
housewife-mother , ,
. A working mother, , j,
. H, housewife-mother ,
mother ,
working mother, - .
L’ ICM . F , -
mmm : Gz Cmmmd Cgv Cmmm. Lk k w ws vy w s
dgs m gv psygy d sg dvp md gg
m . I m m , L
,
m .
5.4 Cognitive lexical semantics
O mp sq Lk’s y ICMs ws mps p- vdd gv sm m wd-mg, kw s
cognitive lexical semantics. Cgv x sms ks ps
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 15
lexical items (wds) conceptual categories; wd pss gy ds y d mgs x ypy s. Ts, Lk gd,wds gs mdd d vsgd sg y ICMs. I p, Lk gd x ms ps yp mpx
gs s radial categories. A d gy s sd w sp pyp, d vs gy mms d pypy v, g ‘gd’ y pd s. As s, wdmgs sd m x s gy mpx sd gs
mgs senses.I , L’ over ,
x . L’
’ C B,
. T L ’ x over -
() . F, , , j ()
(). T x .
F above over x (5) j
E ‘’ x over control x
(5). W above over ,
control .
(5) a. The picture is over the mantelpiece.
b. Jane has a strange power over him.
T sp mgs smw pyp d Bgm d
L (1988), L (1987) control over m m m m over .
W L’ x , -
.
F , L’ - ‘-’ z
x (.., S, 1998).
F x, L’ over , , z
. A per se,
. H,
. M
(.., & E, 2001/ , 2003)
L ’ x-
x . W
( C ., 1997/ ),
(.., G, 2005), x
x .
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16 the cognitive linguistics reader
5.5 Conceptual metaphor theory
C
. F
( E, 2004; E & Z, ; H, 2005; Lz, 2001; M,
1996; S, 2000; Z, H, & N, ),
.
T m L J’ 1980 m Metaphors we live by, m m m , . A ,
s s gzd y cross domain mappings spds w
m mm. Sm m - m
x x m m mx . F , quality m vertical elevation, (6):
(6) She got a really high mark in the test.
high m.A C M T, m
quality -
m vertical elevation. T m m m
L J m. T m , m .
I m dvpm, p mps d dvd
m m ‘-m’ primary
metaphors (G, 1997; L & J, 1999). O , m -m theories are buildings xm (7):
(7) a. Is that the foundation or your theory?
b. The theory needs more support .
c. The argument is shaky .
dvd m m dm, d gy vs p mppgs
-m mm. T m m m m mx compound metaphors conceptual blending (G ., 1999/ m), . T
m m m -m m, L
J (1999).
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 17
5.6 Conceptual metonymy
I Metaphors We Live By, L J , m-, mm m
: conceptual metonymy. L m, mm ysd s p: py gs dv. Hwv, Lk d Js gd
, , . I ,
m mm. I, m mm m m m z m (.., , 2003; R, 2001), m m m mm (B, 2001).
x
m E G (2006):
(8) The ham sandwich has wandering hands.
Img s (8) s d y wss s.
Ts s xpss ham sandwich pss s mymy: w
s ssd s y ( m sm dd) sds
( sm). As s xmp dmss, mymy s reerential . I s s xpsss ‘pp’ s d k
m. Ts sws mymy s dy m mp. F (8)
mp w wd d dsd ham sandwich s xpss
g sm w dd , ms d m w mqs. As s w q ds ps sw, w mymy s
p ‘X sds Y’, mp s p ‘X dsd
ms Y’.
A mm L J m . , x m . T .T x x the ham sandwich m; x m m .
A d wy vwg mymy s mymy s contingent
x. W x, vehicle highlights target (C, 1993).
Fy, Lk d (1989) ddd mp gv
. T , ,
- ,
-x m m. T x mm - ‘xm’. T ham sandwich (8) mm ( m)
( m ) m restaurant m.
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18 the cognitive linguistics reader
5.7 Mental spaces theory
M S T . G F
m Mental Spaces ([1985] 1994),
Mappings in Tought and Language (1997). M , F, M 2002 , Te way we think, x
, Conceptual Blending Teory.
m . Fm M S By, gg pvds dspd pmps s mg,
w ks p p v. Adgy, s w s xmpy
gdg pps gv sms pp. W y
m m M S T x
m C B T.Adg F, mg s vvs w psss: (1)
mental spaces; (2) m mappings msps. Mv, mppg s gdd y dss x,
m m x-. F m ‘ , -gd pg dss d kwdg ss.’ (F,
1997, . 11). T
m ‘’, .M -
. T z , m. H, m ‘ ’, y s q d mpy ‘pks’ p s, -
. T m m m m m m.
As gs xpsss s s ddmd pmps psss
m , x meaning potential . R ‘’ , x building instructions, -
m . O , m m x , m x x.
M sps s p y space builders, w gs s
m m , m . S x (in 1966 , at the shop, in Fred’s mind’s eye), (really, probably,
possibly), j- m m (Fred believes [ Mary likes sausages], Mary hopes…, Susan states…), m .
S ‘ ’ ‘ ’,
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 19
, ,
, , .M sps element s, w s sd ,
p-xsg s p sysm. M sps s internally
structured y xsg kwdg ss, dg ms d ICMs. T sp, m m , m , recruit -x . O m , m .A , m , m .O M S , m m m m .
5.8 Conceptual blending theory
I ms s d ms s s, Bdg Ty s
M S T. T dynamic m , m m . H, B T m M S T ( C M T) . M, B
T .T sg Bdg Ty s mg s ypy
m m , emergent
structure: m m . B conceptual integration blending , .
O ,
, ,
. T G F
M , B T. B T
, ‘’ ,
, . H, B T
,
,
, , , ,
. F
x .
T , , , .
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20 the cognitive linguistics reader
T - , -
F , m , . I ( ) input mental spaces, generic
space , blended space,
m . T m dd sp vvs pss md compression w ds p
‘’ m .F , xm m J (2002):
(9) In France, Bill Clinton wouldn’t have been harmed by his afair with Monica Lewinsky.
T mx .
T US x A
, x F
ds. Y, s dsgy s vd y ssg s,
x , ,
A F x . C , ,
m m m m m--, x M S . I -, , xm, m mm m (L & Núñz, 2000).
6 Cognitive approaches to grammar: guiding principles
J m, mm . Sm m
mm, R L Cognitive Grammar , L m m. O z -
mm; construction grammars.Fy, gv gss w s gmm g s xp
grammaticalization, - m m - . T
ssmps, w w vy y s s s. W s dy w
mm ( m).C ,
gs kwdg (‘gmm’) w s ss w ssmps d
m. I ,
mm :
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 21
) T m .) T - .
6.1 The symbolic thesis
T sym ss ds dm gmm s m-m-
g pg, linguistic unit (d ‘sym ssmy’ Lgk’s Cgv
Gmm, ‘s’ s gmm pps). I Lgk’s
, : ( )
( ). T m , m mm m , F S’ (1857–1913) . C S’
m m x (sign) m (signied ) (signier ), . W m S’ , S . I
‘’, ‘’. T ‘ ’ m m ( ‘mm’) m .7
I mm , ,
m . I, mm m m-m . T m (x
John baked Mary a cake) m ( kick the bucket ), mm –er x, . T ‘-m’ gg mgy pd w gv gss, w
m mm . I, m mm m mm. mm , .
m m m, m x.
T m m . B , -
. T , mm m , m m. T mm, m , m , x . F x,
mm m (schematic) m
m cat m (content )
m.
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22 the cognitive linguistics reader
T d gmm s y mg s mp m
mm, lexicon-grammar
continuum, w wds k cat d gmm ss k
,
m m.
6.2 The usage-based thesis
T - ( -
)
. A m -
(m m,
m), is . T - j -v pps gmm pps gg g d gg
, m (2000/ m) C (1996/ m).
7 Major theories and approaches
I j
(‘’). T j -
, Gz C . F
, .
7.1 Talmy’s grammatical vs. lexical sub-systems approach
T md gmm dvpd y Ld my (.g., my, 2000, Cp 1/
s vm), ssms sym ss d, k gv pps
mm, mm m. H, m’ ms dsgsd y s mpss qv ds w gmm
(-) x (-) m. I, m ms gs xpss ps w ds p ssysms, w
d qvy ds sps m p sysm. Ts
grammatical subsystem lexical subsystem. F , -
m m, - m m m . I m m
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 23
z . I ,
m, m.F my s ss s py sg s pp, gg d
w x p sysm . T ggs m m w ssysms dg d xzg gv ps(s)
. B m m m m, m mm m - m - m.
A , -
structuring unction, -
.
- , number, colour. F
x, x -s E, -
x , , redness. F,
. F x,
number singular, plural paucal
( ‘ ’) millions twenty-seven.
topological Euclidean . I ,
- x z,
. F x, that x that book in your hand that city distance from the speaker
x . A x , /
- ‘-’ .
T ‘’ ‘’ x/
- .
my gs w vy ps xpss y p-ss ms
v spd (s s m m xp, kwdg d
dsdg), s sd vy ps xpss y sd-ss
ms. E dvd gg s ss s vy, ds w
y gv gg w xp v psss. Ts,
mj mpss d my’s wk s pvd dspvy dq
mj sm ssd w gmm ssysm. H ds
s y dyg w s s sm sysms w w sd-ss
ms pp s. Ts sysms d ( s) g sysm,
sysm, pspv sysm d -dyms sysm. Ts, my’s
pp pss mp z sp gv ps-
s dd y sd-ss ssysm, d ds w sysm
s gzd.
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24 the cognitive linguistics reader
7.2 Cognitive Grammar
C Gmm m m R L m 1970, Foundations
o Cognitive Grammar m 1987 1991. T m m mm , m .
L’ m m mm m m m mx. L m, L mm - m. U m, m - - m.
I, L
z m . A, L’ m mm m’.
F L, ( m mm) (L, 1987, . 73). I
x m entrenched
( cognitive routine) m unit . Fm , m m m . Fm, m - ’ conventional . T conventionality
x m mm . T
. F , x dog (
E- ) x allophone,
E . T m m gmm mg m sg-sd ss (s Lgk, 2000, dd
; E & G, 2006, C 4, ).Sym s simplex complex ms sym s.
F xm, mx m mm m mx m , mx m m sm sym s s sps. T wd dog d p mk -s
xm mx m . Cmx x, ( x, dogs) ( x, John’s brown dog )
w ss ( xmp, Geof kicked the dog ). Lgk s mpx
m constructions.T L
vy. Y, s s vy sd dm wy. T
,
. F xm, m m m ( xm, mm m m
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26 the cognitive linguistics reader
‘’
( m mm) ‘’ .
Fillmore et al.’s Construction Grammar
I 1988 pp (s vm), Fm, Ky d O’C g v md w, k x m, mpx gmm s (
), m m . xm m m, mx x x mx . I , m m m . D , - m m . F , m m ‘ ’m mm. T -,
‘’ mm. Fm . mlet alone .I let alone , F .
‘ ’ ( ‘m’ ) mm, x m m mx m m j pgm pssg. I wds, y g gs md vw
m. I m , m, pgm kwdg s psd psd ssysms, s
,
.I , x K F (1999), F, K -
C G . T monostratal:
kd y sms, zs sm gv
mds k Pps d Pms Ty. Fm, pss
Cs Gmm y sy m s sm
m m m m.
Goldberg’s Construction Grammar
T Fm . (1988) K Fm (1999) C G . T
‘ ’ ,
, , -
. T x , ,
m x .T x sg dvpg s pspv ws ppy s
pp w s g gmm. Pps ms mp dvp-
m A G’ , m m 1995k, Constructions (s s Gdg, 2003/s vm). I s wk Gdg
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 27
mm x m ‘’ m ‘’ . I , verb argument constructions. I , xm‘’ , ,
mm m . O G’ m, m m - , ‘-’
x m m m m x.
Radical Construction Grammar
T R C Gmm m C (1996/ m,2001), x .
L x -
. A
, - , x
unctional . Functional typology
m m , C x m m m- m .
C mm universals ’ - m m
gmm ( m pp), w sd sd k gmm diversity s m v. C gs s pp s s pd pvd s
m, arbitrary
, m m m generalization.
W mks C’s s pp ’d’ mgs s sq
. I C’ , x m . A m, , , , mm j j m. I , x, , m .
Embodied Construction Grammar
Emdd Cs Gmm (ECG) s y s gmm
dvpd y Bjm Bg d Ny Cg, g w vs -
s. I s md, mpss s gg pssg, py gg
mps dsdg. I wds, w pps w v
dsssd s p mpss mdg gs kwdg
- pssg, ECG md ks gd ss m ss gs kwdg, d ss xpg w ss
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28 the cognitive linguistics reader
pssd - dynamic gg mps. Mv, ECG s -
y d w dsg w ss gv gg
mdd kwdg pss gg dsdg. T m
s d ECG s sd dvpg m ‘gg’
ds ss gg k Egs; s m gg s ds ds mdd ps s ss gv s
dym gg mps. F ds s Bg d Cg (2005/
s vm).
7.4 Cognitive approaches to grammaticalization
T m, ,
grammaticalization: -m m - m. B , mmz m -. Gmmz ( C, 1996/ m), m x . A
, x z-
. S H . (1991), S (1990) D (2002).
8 Empirical approaches in cognitive linguistics
A sm s vd gs gv gss, py y
m , m .T m m d gv sms. F xmp, w vy ppg,
x m ( Bm & L, 1988) s p mps (Lk & Js, 1980) ws gy sd
spk d p. T sds over y Bgm ([1981] 1988;
Bm & L, 1988) L (1987), , z m ( S, 1998), m m x m m s (s Sd & R, 1995, vw). I ys,
mp ds gv gss v m sg. F xmp,
xpm s (.g., Gs, 1994; Bdsky, 2000) d dss y
(.., M, 2004; Z ., )
m. R S C(.. C & V P, 2002/ m) m
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 29
. R S
R (1995) C . (1997/ m), G (2005) mss gv pps x sms, d s y y d Evs
(.. 2001/ m), m , m x m. F, xm m m (Z ., 2002; G & K, 2002; B, ) xm m m m -s s mg. W sp gv pps gmm,
Wm C’ (.. 1996/ m, 2001) ypg mds w gv gs y s sgd mp
mm.I, m
mds m gg dsps p gv gss, dg -sg qs m xpm psygy. T sd w
m m Gz-Mz . ( ), pps mgg m wksp d ‘Emp Mds Cgv
L’.D , m. F xm, G (2000,
. 349) m m m ‘ m m ’.I wds, psygss v gd gv gs s
.
F xm, B T m x. I ,
m m (m , xm). T ,
. F
. A, v ss yd dgy, w ssy m
m m .
9 Achievements o the cognitive linguistics enterprise
I m m m , m.
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30 the cognitive linguistics reader
9.1 An integrated view o language and thought
T Gz C C C, -
,
z. T ,
. O , ,gv pps pgms d pps gv gss s
,
, m .
9.2 Re-examination o the empiricist thesis
T m . A m gss ps s s s mps pspv, d
m mm, x m m mm .
9.3 Focus on conceptual phenomena
C x
. F x, j ‘-
’, C M T, M
S T C B T,
x . U ,
. T
,
.
9.4 Integration o ormalist and unctionalist concerns
A -
. W -
,
x
. C , , .
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the cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview 31
9.5 A fnal caveat
Dsp s vms, m, s, kds gs
. I,
d ps ms md y gv gss p gz, .g., , ,
m , . U m m md , s ms sg v y y mps md
.
Notes
1 W M I, G L C S mm
.2 F N C (
).
3 T E- m. I m ‘m’ m mmm m m m , .., R (, xm,Bmń, 1993).
4 C , - mm (.., , ()), ( , /), , m. C- , m m . F , m , E G (2006).
5 T m - ‘’, m (2000).
6 O j m m m (L, 1997, ). A S (1999) , , , m. R , Lx C C M, E (.., 2006) m , ‘x ’, m .
7 N - m m , - . I , m ‘’ m m m -
j (.., S, ).
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32 the cognitive linguistics reader
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