The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations

[“Iron Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended across the has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946 -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Iron Curtain

•The political and military barrier that isolated Soviet-controlled countries of Eastern Europe after World War II.

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.for concessions in the Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free peoples The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery

Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].this was rejected].

Germany• Truman and his advisors believed Western Europe’s

prosperity depended on Germany’s recovery.

• The Soviets, however, still wanted Germany to pay reparations.

• This dispute brought the nations to the brink of war.

• By 1948, American officials had concluded that the Soviets were trying to undermine Germany’s economy.

• In response, the U.S., Britain, and France merged their German zones and allowed the Germans to have their own government, creating, The Federal Republic of Germany, which became known as West Germany.

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

Germany• They also agreed to merge their zones in Berlin

and make West Berlin part of West Germany.

• The Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany.

• The creation of West Germany convinced the Soviets that they would never get the reparations it wanted.

• In June 1948, Soviet Troops blockaded West Berlin hoping to force the U.S. to reconsider its decision or abandon West Berlin.

• Truman send bombers to bases in Britain, hoping to avoid war, and ordered the air force to fly supplies into Berlin rather than troops.

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West Germany1955: West Germany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

} East GermanyEast Germany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet Union The Soviet Union exploded its first exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.A-bomb in 1949.

} Now there were Now there were two nuclear two nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

The Korean War: A “Police The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)Action” (1950-1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

Korean War• At the end of WWII, American and Soviet forces

entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops stationed there.

• The Allies divided Korea: Soviet troops controlled the north (Communist Korean government), while American troops controlled the south.

• As the Cold War begins, talks to reunify Korea broke down.

• Border clashes common. Soviets provided military aid to to the North Koreans.

• June 25, 1950, North Korean troops invaded the south, driving back the poorly equipped South Korean forces.

Korean War• Eisenhower elected to presidency in 1952,

determined to end the war.

• He hinted to the Chinese that the U.S. might use a nuclear attack in Korea. The threat seemed to work.

• Although there was never a peace treaty to end the war, negotiators signed an armistice in July 1953.

• The Korean War marked a turing point in the Cold War.

• Now military backup instead of political pressure and economic aid to contain communism.

• Now Cold War expanded to Asia.

• 1954: defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America in The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!space—they have the technological edge!

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchevAbout the capitalist About the capitalist

states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. you like it our not, history is on our side. We will We will bury youbury you. -- 1956. -- 1956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”“Kitchen Debate”

(1959)(1959)

Cold War ---> Cold War ---> TensionsTensions

<--- Technology <--- Technology & Affluence & Affluence

Spy Plane

•Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to visit the U.S. in late 1959. The visit’s success led the two leaders to agree to hold a summit in Paris.

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over Soviet shot down over Soviet airspace.airspace.

•At first Eisenhower claimed that the aircraft was a weather plane that had strayed off course.

•Then Khrushchev dramatically produced the pilot.

•Eisenhower refused to apologize, saying the flights had protected American security.

•In response, Khrushchev broke up the summit.

Eisenhower term ending•In this climate of heightened tension,

President Eisenhower prepares to leave office.

•In January 1961, he delivered a farewell address to the nation in which he pointed out a new relationship had developed between the military establishment and the defense industry.

•Although he had avoided war and contained communism, he was frustrated.

“I confess that I lay down my official responsibilities in this field with a definite sense of disappointment. As one who has witnessed the horror and the lingering sadness of war...I wish I could say tonight that a lasting peace is in sight.”

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that

JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.