Welcomein the World of

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

PresentationTopics

Computer Architecture History

Single CPU Design GPU Design Memory Architecture Communications

Architecture

HISTORY!!!One of the first computing devices to come about was . .

The ABACUS!

                              • Completed:1946

• Programmed: plug board and switches

• Speed:5,000 operations per second

• Input/output: cards, lights, switches, plugs

• Floor space:1,000 square feet

The ENIAC : 1946

The EDSAC(1949)

• EDSAC

• Technology: vacuum tubes

The UNIVAC I(1951)

• Speed:1,905 operations per second

• Input/output: magnetic tape, printer

• Memory size:1,000 12-digit words in delay lines

• Memory type: delay Memory:1K words

First practical stored-program computer

• Technology: serial vacuum tubes, delay lines, magnetic tape

• Floor space:943 cubic feet

• Cost: F.O.B. factory $750,000+

Progression of The Architecture

• Vacuum tubes -- 1940 – 1950

• Transistors -- 1950 – 1964

• Integrated circuits -- 1964 – 1971

• Microprocessor chips -- 1971 – present

                

                                                     

                     

Current CPU Architecture

•Basic CPU Overview

• Single Bus

• Example of Triple

• Bus Architecture

Intel Pentium 1 Chip with MMX

Motherboards / Chipsets / Sockets

•Chipset

In charge of:

•Memory Controller

•EIDE Controller

•PCI Bridge

•Real Time Clock

•DMA Controller

•IRDA Controller

•Keyboard

•Mouse

•Secondary Cache

•Low-Power CMOS SRAM

Intel DX4 – 100 MHz processor & Motherboard

                                                                                        

                                     

Pentium 4 Architecture

Main Memory

Memory Hierarchy

processor processor processor1 2 3

Shared Memory

Network

Cache Cache Cache Memory 1 Memory 2 Memory 3

Read Operation•On a read the CPU will first try to find the data in the cache, if it is not there the cache will get updated from the main memory and then return the data to the CPU.

Write Operation• On a write the CPU will write the information

into the cache and the main memory.

VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association

32 bit bus Found mostly on 486 machines Relied on the 486 processor to function People started to switch to the PCI bus

because of this Otherwise known as VLB

ISA - Industry Standard Architecture

Very old technology Bus speed 8mhz Speed of 42.4 Mb/s maximum Very few ISA ports are found in

modern machines.

MCA - Micro Channel Bus

IBM’s attempt to compete with the ISA bus 32 bit bus Automatically configured cards (Like Plug and

Play) Not compatible with ISA

PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect

Speeds up to 960 Mb/s Bus speed of 33mhz 16-bit architecture Developed by Intel in 1993 Synchronous or Asynchronous PCI popularized Plug and Play Runs at half of the system bus speed

PCI – X Up to 133 MHz bus speed 64-bit bandwidth 1GB/sec throughput Backwards compatible with all PCI Primarily developed for increased I/O

demands of technologies such as Fiber Channel, Gigabit Ethernet and Ultra3 SCSI.

AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port

Essentially a high speed PCI Port Capable of running at 4 times PCI

bus speed. (133mhz) Used for High speed 3D graphics

cards Considered a port not a bus

Only two devices involved Is not expandable

IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics

Tons of other names: ATA, ATA/ATAPI, EIDE, ATA-2, Fast ATA, ATA-3, Ultra ATA, Ultra DMA

Good performance at a cheap cost

Most widely used interface for hard disks

SCSI - Small Computer System Interface “skuzzy”

Capable of handling internal/external peripherals

Speed anywhere from 80 – 640 Mb/s

Many types of SCSI

Serial Port Uses DB9 or DB25

connector Adheres to RS-232c

spec Capable of speeds up to

115kb/sec

USB 1.0

hot plug-and-play Full speed USB devices signal at 12Mb/s Low speed devices use a 1.5Mb/s sub

channel. Up to 127 devices chained together

2.0 data rate of 480 mega bits per second

USB On-The-Go For portable devices. Limited host capability to communicate with

selected other USB peripherals A small USB connector to fit the mobile form

factor

PS/2 Port

Mini Din Plug with 6 pins Mouse port and keyboard port Developed by IBM

Parallel port i.e. “printer port” Old type Two “new” types ECP (extended capabilities port)

and EPP (enhanced parallel port) Ten times faster than old parallel

port Capable of bi-directional

communication.

Game Port Uses a db15 port Used for joystick connection to the

computer

THANKS

Any Question????