CONNECTING AFRICA’S PAST WITH ITS PRESENT

VOCABULARY: RACISM, NATIONALISM, AND APARTHEIDSTANDARD:

THE STUDENT WILL ANALYZE CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN AFRICA LEADING TO THE 21ST CENTURY

EUROPE’S MISTAKE

• IN THE 1920’S AND 30’S, MANY EUROPEAN NATIONS SENT AFRICAN LEADERS UNDER THEIR CONTROL TO BE EDUCATED IN EUROPEAN SCHOOLS.

• MANY OF THESE INDIVIDUALS LEARNED OF INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD AND BEGAN TO PLAN FOR THEIR HOMELAND’S INDEPENDENCE.

NATIONALISM

RACISM

• MANY EUROPEANS DID NOT BELIEVE THAT AFRICANS WERE CAPABLE OF GOVERNING THEMSELVES

• THIS BELIEF WAS FOUNDED IN EUROPEAN’S – MINDSET OF RACIST ATTITUDES

WORLD WAR I

• MANY AFRICANS WHO FOUGHT ON BEHALF OF EUROPEAN NATIONS DURING WORLD WAR I BELIEVED THEY COULD. THEY WANTED INDEPENDENCE FOR THEIR HOMELANDS.

PAN-AFRICANISM

PAN-AFRICANISM

• A MOVEMENT BY NATIVE AFRICANS TO ESTABLISH INDEPENDENCE FOR THEIR RESPECTIVE NATIONS

• 1919, THE FIRST PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS ASSEMBLES

• 1945, PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS ISSUES A STATEMENT SAYING THEY SHOULD BE FREE AND INDEPENDENT NATIONS ESPECIALLY AFTER THEIR SERVICE IN WORLD WAR II.

WORLD WAR II

INDEPENDENCE

• MOST SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN NATIONS RECEIVED THEIR INDEPENDENCE BEGINNING IN 1951 – 1980.

• THE FIRST WAS GHANA.

PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA

• TRIBAL ETHNIC DIVERSITY WAS A MAJOR PROBLEM FOR NIGERIA ONCE THEY RECEIVED THEIR INDEPENDENCE.

• TRIBAL GROUPS VIOLENTLY TRIED TO ACHIEVE THE TOP POWER STATUS.

• NIGERIANS SPEAK 400 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES.• CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY WERE COMMON

PLACE.

NIGERIAN INDEPENDENCE

CIVIL WAR IN NIGERIA

• AS A RESULT, THE NIGERIANS FOUGHT A BITTER CIVIL WAR IN 1966.

• THIS IS AN ALL TOO COM-– MON AOCCURENCE IN AFRICA.– NIGERIA BROKE INTO TWO– SEPARATE COUNTRIES BRIEFLY,– AND THEY ARE NOW RULED BY– MILITARY LEADERS.

SOUTH AFRICA

• SOUTH AFRICA GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM GREAT BRITAIN IN 1910.

• THAT INDEPENDENCE WAS ONLY FOR WHITE • SOUTHAFRICANS HOWEVER.• SOUTH AFRICA WENT THROUGH A RECENT

PERIOD OF TIME SIMILAR TO OUR CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.

• SEGREGATION FOR THEM WAS CALLED APARTHEID.

SOUTH AFRICATHIS SOUTH AFRICAN SIGN IS SIMILAR TO THOSE SEEN IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATESFROM 1865 – THE 1960’S

THE LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH ANDAFRIKANS A LOCAL DUTCH LANGUAGESPOKEN COMMONLY IN SOUTH AFRICA

RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA

• SOUTH AFRICANS RESISTED MUCH LIKE AFRICAN AMERICANS OF THE SIXTIES.

• HOWEVER, VIOLENCE DID OCCUR.

APARTHEID ENDED IN 1991,AND BLACKS AND WHITES COULD VOTE TOGETHER FORTHE FIRST TIME IN 1994.

NELSON MANDELA

• HE WAS SOUTH AFRICA’S MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.

• HE SPENT 27 YEARS IN PRISON FOR HIS ANTI-APARTHEID PROTESTS.

• HE EVNTUALLY BECAME SOUTH AFRICA’S PRESIDENT; SERVING ONE TERM THEM RETIRING.

NELSON MANDELA

AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS• THE U.S.A. AND

GREAT BRITAIN HELPED SOUTH AFRICA’S ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT BY IMPOSING ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON SOUTH AFRICA UNTIL THEY DID AWAY WITH APARTHEID.

WILLEM DE KLERK

• WILLEM DE KLERK WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF SOUTH AFRICA IN 1989.

• HE OPPOSED APARTHEID, AND WORKED TO SEE IT ENDED.

• IN 1993, SOUTH AFRICA REWROTE ITS CONSTITUTION GIVING EQUAL RIGHTS TO ALL SOUTH AFRICANS.

WILLEM DE KLERK

KENYA• KENYA GAINED INDEPENDENCE IN 1963.• HOWEVER, ITS FIRST PRIME MINISTER WAS CORRUPT,

AND HIS VICE PRES. THE PRIME MINISTER NOW IS ALSO.

• THEY HAD ONLY A ONE PARTY SYSTEM UNTIL 1991, AFTER KENYANS PROTESTED VIOLENTLY.

JOMO KENYATTA FIRST KENYAN PRIME MINISTER

DANIEL ARAPMOI; CURRENTKENYAN PRIME MINISTER

EDUCATION IN KENYA

• EDUCATION IS VERY IMPORTANT TO KENYANS.• THOUGH THE GOVERNMENT PAYS FOR

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, KENYANS HAVE TO PAY FOR SCHOOL BEYOND THAT LEVEL.

• MANY KENYANS DO NOT WAIT FOR THE GOVERNMENT, THEY BUILD THEIR OWN SCHOOLS WHERE THEY NEED THEM.

HARAMBEE SCHOOLS

THE PAN-AFRICAN MOVEMENT• WE KNOW THE PAN-

AFRICAN MOVEMENT WAS EFFECTIVE BECAUSE ALL AFRICAN COUNTRIES ARE INDEPENDENT TODAY. (WESTERN SAHARA) WILL BE SOON.