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Alcohol and Nutrition: Do theAlcohol and Nutrition: Do the
Benefits Outweigh the Risks?Benefits Outweigh the Risks?
Controversy 3
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IntroductionIntroduction
Total daily energy intake as alcohol
U.S. average of 6 to 10 percent
Moderate drinkers No more than 1 drink per day for women
No more than 2 drinks per day for men
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What is Alcohol?What is Alcohol?
Names end in ol
EthanolAlcoholic beverages
Act as lipid solvents
Easily enter a cells outer lipid membrane Denature cells protein structures
Kill the cell
Some useful disinfectants and antiseptics
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What is a Drink?What is a Drink?
Beverage volume
Proof
Percentage ofalcohol
Defining a drink
Delivers oz. ofethanol
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Who Should Never Drink Alcohol?Who Should Never Drink Alcohol?
Children and adolescents
People who cannot restrict drinking to
moderate levels Women who may become pregnant, are
pregnant, or are breastfeeding
People who plan to do an activity thatrequires attention, skill, or coordination
People who take medications that may
interfere with alcohol
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Binge DrinkingBinge Drinking
Definition-4 drinks in a row for women; 5
drinks in a row for men
Influence of caffeine
Harms from binge drinking
Health consequences
Social consequences
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Immediate Effects of AlcoholImmediate Effects of Alcohol
The body gives special attention to alcohol
Diffusion through stomach walls
Reach brain within a minute Presence of food in the stomach
Absorption in small intestine
Alcohol dehydrates tissues Increased urine output
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Alcohol Arrives in the BrainAlcohol Arrives in the Brain
Nerves
Inhibitory-sedated
Excitatory nerves take over Lethal dose
Speed and amount consumed
Toxicity, oxidative stress, and the brain
Brain tissue shrinks
Brain inflammation
Accidents
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Alcohols Effects on the BrainAlcohols Effects on the Brain
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Alcohol Arrives in the LiverAlcohol Arrives in the Liver
Liver processes most of the bodys alcohol
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
Alcohol breakdown in the stomachWomen vs. men
Excretion in breath and urine
Rate of alcohol clearance-about oz. ofethanol per hour (one drinks worth)
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Alcohol BreakdownAlcohol Breakdown
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Alcohol Affects the Liver andAlcohol Affects the Liver and
Other OrgansOther Organs
Alcohol metabolism generates damaging
free radicals
Diseases and organ damage Fatty liver
Liver fibrosis
Cirrhosis Reproductive and other organs
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Alcohols Affect on the LiverAlcohols Affect on the Liver
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The HangoverThe Hangover
Mild form of drug withdrawal
Contributors to hangovers
Congeners Dehydration
Formaldehyde has to wait for later
detoxification Time alone is the cure
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Alcohols LongAlcohols Long--Term EffectsTerm Effects
Effects in pregnancy
Effects on heart and brain
Cancer Even moderate consumption increases risk
Cancers of the breast, colon, rectum,
esophagus, liver, mouth pancreas, prostate,stomach, throat
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Alcohols Effects on NutritionAlcohols Effects on Nutrition
Causes disturbances in nutrition
All discretionary calories
Fattening power of alcohol Beer belly
Effects on vitamins
Malnutrition
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Folate
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Does Moderate Alcohol UseDoes Moderate Alcohol Use
Benefit Health?Benefit Health?
Certain health benefits among middle-aged
people
Young people Older adults
Research problems
Benefits vs. risks Health effects of wine
Alcohol and appetite