Convergecasting In Wireless Sensor Networks

Master’s ThesisbyValliappan Annamalai

Committee membersDr. Sandeep GuptaDr. Arunabha SenDr. Hasan Cam

Outline Problem Statement Preliminary information System model Proposed Algorithms Results Conclusion and Future Work

Problem Statement Network construction in a sensor

network for Convergecasting Must minimize time consumed for

data collection

Group Communication Patterns Broadcast Multicast Convergecast

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1 2

5

3 4

6

Broadcast & Convergecast

Broadcast

Convergecast

Multicasting

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1 2

5

3 4

6

*

**

*

* Indicates Multicast GroupMembers

Group Communication in Wired Networks Done at the network layer Each pair of nodes can have a

separate connection between them Nodes usually share a bus Sharing leads to collision Collision and retransmission leads to

power wastage.

Group Communication in Wireless Networks Common medium for communication Need a contention based reliable MAC

layer in wireless networks Contention increases power consumption For real time data collection, allocating a

separate channel for each pair of nodes Channel can be divided based on TDMA,

FDMA and CDMA

Sensor Network Set of sensors that collectively form

a network. Communication medium Frequency used part of ISM band Constraint

Power Computation Memory

Applications of Sensor Networks Military

Surveillance reconnaissance

Environment monitoring Fire and flood detection

Health monitoring Applications make use of broadcasting

and convergecasting Latency must be kept to a minimum

Related Work Pegasis: Chain construction for data

aggregation Energy consumption high Delay is high

Wave Expansion approach Less reliable

Broadcast tree construction algorithm proposed by I. Chlamtac

Contribution of this Research Work Channel allocation is NP-Complete Two network construction and

channel allocation algorithms (CTCCAA) for convergecasting.

Currently these allocate time slots and codes

Same network can also be used for broadcasting

System Model Set of nodes placed in the area of interest Nodes are static Controlling node (root node or base

station) Amount of data sensed at each node is

constant Controlling node responsible for network

construction

Convergecast Tree Construction and Channel Allocation Algorithm(CTCCAA)

Two algorithms Pipelined CTCCAA Non-pipelined CTCCAA

Centralized algorithms capable of allocating codes and slots

Node position given as input

Pipelined CTCCAA Data collection starts at the leaf

nodes. Propagates towards the root node. Generates a parent child relationship

between nodes

Constraints No two nodes that have parent(s) in

the transmission range of each other share the same channel

Slot assigned to parent is less than the one assigned to its children

Example that illustrates the working of Pipelined CTCCAA

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1 2

3 4 5

1 2

2 3 4123

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Maximum SlotSize = 3 * xWhere,x is the numberof bits sensed byeach node

Non-pipelined CTCCAA Data collection at independent and

non-interfering parts of the network Each node has buffering capability Used for non-real time data

collection Algorithm is similar to pipelined

version but the reversal of slots is not done

Constraints Slot assigned to a child need not be

less than the slot assigned to the parent

If a child has two possible parent it is assigned to the closest parent

Example: Slot assignment for non-pipelined CTCCAA

Comparison Metric

Latency Convergecasting

Graphs with random node placement was generated

Calculated time taken for convergecasting on a broadcast tree (Tb,c)

Calculated time taken for convergecasting on the network constructed by pipelined CTCCAA (Tc,c)

Comparison … Broadcasting

Calculated time taken for broadcasting on a broadcast tree (Tb,b)

Calculated time taken for broadcasting on the network constructed by pipelined CTCCAA (Tb,c)

Results for pipelined convergecasting

Ratio on time taken for pipelined convergecasting on graphs with node density 0.3 nodes / unit ^ 2

Ratio on time taken for pipelined convergecasting on graphs with node density 0.5 nodes / unit ^ 2

Results for non-pipelined Convergecasting

Ratio on time taken for non-pipelined convergecasting on graphs with node density 0.3 nodes / unit ^ 2

Ratio on time taken for non-pipelined convergecasting on graphs with node density 0.5 nodes / unit ^ 2

Results for Broadcasting

Ratio on time taken for broadcasting on graphs with node density 0.3 nodes / unit ^ 2

Ratio on time taken for broadcasting on graphs with node density 0.5 nodes / unit ^ 2

Conclusion & Future work The algorithms proposed

successfully construct networks for convergecasting that reduces latency

Got accepted for WCNC 2003 Better slot allocation algorithm that

completely eliminates idle time wastage

References “Tree-based Broadcasting in Multihop Radio Networks” by I.

Chlamtac and S. Kutten “The Wave Expansion Approach to Broadcasting in Multihop

Radio Networks” by I. Chlamtac and O.Weinstein “Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication

Paradigm for Sensor Networks” by C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan and D. Estrin

“Frequency Assignment: Theory and Application” by W.K. Hale “Pegasis: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information

Systems” by S. Lindsey and C. S. Raghavendra