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Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
OBJECTIVES
Identify anatomic structures of the human body
Define and spell the word parts
Build and analyze medical terms using word parts
Define, pronounce, and spell medical terms related to body structure, color, and oncology
Interpret the meanings of the abbreviations
Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them
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Organization of the Human Body
cell: basic unit of all life
tissue: similar cells that perform a specific task
organ: two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions
system: a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions
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Body Cells
The human body is composed of trillions of cells of various sizes and shapes cell membrane: boundary of a cell cytoplasm: makes up the body of a cell nucleus: structure in center containing
chromosomes
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Types of Tissue
muscle tissue: produces movement
nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and from the brain
connective tissue: connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures
epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining of the blood vessels
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Organization of the Human Body (cont’d)
chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for mature sex cell, which has 23
genes: regions within the chromosome
(determine hereditary characteristics)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates the activities of the cell
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Body Cavities
cranial: brain
spinal: spinal cord
thoracic: heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi
abdominal: stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters
pelvic: urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of large intestine, rectum
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Combining Forms for Body Structure
aden/o
cyt/o
epitheli/o
fibr/o
hist/o
kary/o
lip/o
my/o
neur/o
organ/o
sarc/o
system/o
viscer/o
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Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms
cancer/o, carcin/o eti/o gno/o iatr/o lei/o
onc/o
path/o
rabd/o
somat/o
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Combining Forms for Colors
chlor/o
chrom/o
cyan/o
erythr/o
leuk/o
melan/o
xanth/o
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Prefixes
dia-
dys-
hyper-
hypo-
meta-
neo-
pro-
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Suffixes
-al, -ic, -ous -cyte -gen -genesis -genic -logist -logy -oid
-oma -osis -pathy -plasia -plasm -sarcoma -sis -stasis
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Suffixes Containing “gen”
-gen: substance that produces or causesExample: carcino/gen: substance that causes cancer
-genic: producing, originating, causingExample: cyt/o/genic producing cells
-genesis: origin, causeExample: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors
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Oncology Terms Built from Word Parts
carcinoma fibroma liposarcoma melanocarcinoma myoma melanoma rhabdomyosarcoma sarcoma
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Analyzing Terms Which Appear to Be Built From a Prefix and Suffix
“neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.
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Pronunciation Guide
The following is a simple guide to use for practicing pronunciation of the medical terms. The pronunciations are only approximate;
however, they are adequate to meet the needs of the beginning student
In respelling for pronunciation, words are minimally distorted to indicate phonetic sound
Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)
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Pronunciation Guide (cont’d)
Diacritical marks are used over vowels to indicate pronunciation. The macron (―) is used to indicate the long vowel sounds.
Example: donate (dō-nāte) hepatoma (hep-a-tō-ma)
ā as in ate, sayē as in eat, beet, seeī as in i, mine, skyō as in oats, soū as in unit, mute
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Pronunciation Guide (cont’d)
Vowels with no markings have the short sound.Example: discuss (dis-kus)
medical (med-i-kal) a as in at, lad
e as in edge, bet i as in itch, wish o as in ox, top u as in sun, come
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Pronunciation Guide (cont’d)
An accent mark is the stress on a certain syllable. The primary accent is indicated by capital letters, and the secondary accent (which is stressed, but not as strongly as the primary accent) is indicated by italics.
Example: altogether (all-tū-GETH-er)
pancreatitis (pan-krē-a-TĪ-tis)
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Oncology Terms Not Built from Word Parts
benign
malignant
remission
in vitro
in vivo
encapsulated
cancer in situ
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Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts
cancerous
carcinogen
carcinogenic
cyanosis
cytogenic
cytoplasm
erythrocyte
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Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)
erythrocytosis etiology histology hyperplasia hypoplasia karyocyte leukocyte leukocytosis
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Blood Cells
1, (red) / cv / (cell[s])2, (white) / cv / (cell[s])
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Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)
myopathy
neopathy
neuroid
oncogenic
oncologist
pathology
somatic
xanthosis