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COUNTRY REPORT ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN FISHERIES:
MALAYSIA
Wan Norhana Md Noordin & Gerald N. Misol Jr
Aquatic AMR Workshop 1: 10-11 April 2017, Mangalore, India
FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on
prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries
TOP 5 BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE SPECIES IN MALAYSIA AND PRODUCTION SYSTEM
SPECIES
QUANTITY BY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (MT)
TOTAL PONDS CAGES TANKS PENSCOCKLE
SYSTEM
BRACKISHWATER
White Shrimp, Penaeus
vannamei48,284.18 48,284.18
Asian Seabass, Lates
calcarifer29,132.37 14,124.42 14,997.18 10.58 0.20
Red Snapper, Lutjanus sp. 10,400.67 18.08 10,376.06 6.47
Grouper, Epinephelus sp. 7,956.07 66.77 7,796.33 36.40 56.57
Cockles, Anadara granosa 16,866.22 16,866.22
NUMBER OF FARMS 4,039 883 1,878 8 439 831
TOP 5 FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE SPECIES IN MALAYSIA AND PRODUCTION SYSTEM
SPECIES
QUANTITY BY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (MT)
TOTAL PONDSMINING
POOLSCAGES
CEMENT
TANKS
CANVAS
TANKS
PEN
CULTURE
FRESHWATER
African Catfish, Clarias
gariepinus
50,683.1
2 47,536.81 592.87 607.15 1,808.41 126.08 11.81
Red Tilapia, Oreochromis
mossambicus
30,359.4
5 14,127.20 5,977.95 6,613.40 3,625.27 1.15 14.48
River Catfish, Pangasius
hyphothalmus
13,901.7
75,144.14 4,264.64 4,184.50 32.13 5.33 271.04
Nile Tilapia, O. niloticus 5,071.90 3,195.25 1,668.55 28.67 184.46
Channel Catfish, Mystus
nemurus2,174.30 797.13 1.33 1,375.85
NUMBER OF FARMS 18,589 15,649 220 1,392 1,097 91 140
NUMBER OF FARMS 597
Top 5 aquaculture species and main disease/pathogens affecting
them
NO. SPECIES DISEASES (PATHOGENS)
1 African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Aeromonasis (Motile Aeromonas spp.: A. hydrophilia)
2 White Shrimp, Penaeus vannamei
AHPND (V. parahaemolyt icus,)
Others: V. fluvialis, V. alginolyticus, V. cholera,A.
hydrphilia, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas sp.,
Photobacterium damsela)
3Red Tilapia, Oreochromis
mossambicusSt rept ococcosis (Streptococcus agalact iae, S. iniae)
4 Seabass, Lates calcariferVibriosis (Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyt icus, V.
alginolyt icus)
5River Catfish, Pangasius
hypothalmus Aeromonasis (Motile Aeromonas spp.: A. hydrophilia)
Legislations
Poison Act 1952,
Fisheries Act 1985 [Act 317]
Food Act 1983 [Act 281]
Malaysian Quarantine And Inspection Services Act 2011 [Act 728]
Feed Act 2009, [Act 968] Section 53 (2) (b), (c), (e), (f), (g) and (h)
Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Enactment 2003 of Sabah State
Law of Sarawak, Chapter 54, State Fisheries Ordinance 2003
Programs
o Fish disease surveillance program
o Aquaculture Residue Monitoring Program
o Sanitary and Phytosanitary for Aquaculture
o myGAP / FQC Certification program
Relevant policies or regulations or programmes or committees/task forces that covers the use of
veterinary medicines in aquaculture in Malaysia?
Has there been any survey on use of veterinary drugs in aquaculture done
in your country? Please present brief highlights of the results of such
survey and indicate whether such survey has been replicated or updated
Yes. Mohamed, S. et al . (2000). The use of chemicals in aquaculture in Malaysia and Singapore.
In: J.R. Arthur, C.R. Lavilla-Pitogo, & R.P. Subasinghe (Eds.) Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in
Asia : Proceedings of the Meeting on the Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in Asia 20-22 May
1996, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines (pp. 127-140). Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture
Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
Highlights: There is a wide variety of antimicrobials used for treating fish and shrimp diseases. In
practice, however, legal restrictions prevent the use of many of them on a large-scale basis.
Almost all the antimicrobials in use are generic imports from China and Thailand. Commercial
preparations (non-generics) from Japan, Europe, and North America generally come with
adequate labelling containing information on composition and some precaution about their
application. Main antimicrobials used include sulfonamides, tetracyclines, nitrofurans,
chloramphenicol, oxolinic acid and virginiamycin.
AQUACULTURE RESIDUE MONITORING PROGRAM (ARMP) by DOF-Types
of samples and antimicrobials examined
Sample – Crustaceans
Group A A6 Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran &
Nitroimidazole group
Group B B1 Antibacterial Substances
B2a Anthelmintics
B3a Organochlorine coumpunds including PCBs
B3c Chemical elements (lead, mercury, Cadmium, Arsenik)
B3d Mycotoxin
B3e Dyes (Malachite green, leucomalachite green, crystal violet)
Sample – Finfish
Group A A1 Stilbenes
A3 Steroids
A6 Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran & Nitroimidazole group
Group B B1 Antibacterial Substances
B2a Anthelmintics
B3a Organochlorine compunds including PCBs
B3c Chemical elements (lead, mercury, Cadmium, Arsenik)
B3d Mycotoxin
B3e Dyes (Malachite green, leucomalachite green, crystal violet)
AMR SURVEILLANCE IN BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM FOOD (FOOD
SAFETY AND QUALITY DIVISION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH)
AMR SURVEILLANCE IN BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM FISHERIES/AQUACULTURE
AMR is not included in the any of the present surveillance activity in
fisheries/aquaculture.
However studies on AMR in fisheries, aquatic ecosystem and
aquaculture have been carried out in isolation
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)
Bacteria Sources (Location) Major findings Reference
V. vulnificus Cockles (Selangor) Thirty-one (83.3%) were found to be resistant to one
or more of the antimicrobial agents tested,
Radu et al. (1998)
Salmonella sp. Shrimps, Oysters
(culture areas)
(Perlis, Kedah, Penang,
Perak, Selangor,
Terengganu, Johor)
- 66.6% resistant to 1-3 antibiotics (erythromycin,
tetracycline, chloramphenicol)
- 16.0% resistant to 4-5 antibiotics erythromycin,
tetracycline, chloramphenicol, furazolidone,
streptomycin)
- 17.4% sensitive to all antibiotics tested
Wan Norhana et al.
(2001)
Aeromonas sp. Fish (retail), Selangor All isolates resistant to 3 or > of the antibiotics
tested, all susceptible to ceptazidime
Radu et al. (2003)
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)
Bacteria Sources (Location) Major findings Reference
Aeromonas sp., E.
coli ,
E. tarda,
Pseudomonas
sp., Salmonella
sp. &Vibrio sp.
Sea bass
Fingerling (Kuala
Terengganu)
- 75.2% were sensitive; 19.4% were resistant and 5.4%
intermediately sensitive.
- > 90% of the isolates were sensitive to
chloramphenicol, kanamycin, oxolinic acid, florfenicol,
nitrofurantoin, flumequine, fosfomycin, tetracycline and
doxycycline.
Wei et al. (2010)
E. coli Shellfish (culture areas,
Sg. Jarum Mas, Perak)
100% E. coli isolates (n=69) were resistant to
erythromycin and penicillin.
- 23.2% were resistant to tetracycline, oxytetracycline
(20.3%), sulphonamides (20.3%), ampicillin (14.5%),
streptomycin (14.5%), kanamycin (11.6%), oxalinic
acid (11.6%), nalidixic acid (10.1%), chloramphenicol
(8.7%), neomycin (8.7%) and doxycyclinehydrochloride
(7.2%).
- All isolates were sensitive to furazolidone.
Wan Norhana et al.
(2010)
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
Bacteria Sources
(Location)
Major findings Reference
V. cholerae
V. parahaemolyticus
Retail freshwater
fish (Selangor)
- All isolates showed MR to all antibiotics tested.
- Some showed high resistance to bacitracin, vancomycin,
tetracycline, furazididone, cephalothin and erythromycin.
- Both species susceptible towards
imipenem.
Noorlis et al. (2011)
Salmonella and Vibrio Farmed shrimp - Salmonella Corvallis isolated from shrimp showed
individual and multiple antibiotic resistance patterns.
- 5 Vibrio species having individual and multiple antibiotic
resistance were also identified.
Banerjee et al.
(2012)
V. parahaemolyticus Cockles
(Tg. Karang)
- 100% resistant to carbenicillin, cephalothin clindamycin,
oflaxacin, rifampicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole,
teicoplanin, tobramycin
- 85% resistance towards ceftriaxone, imipenem (79%),
netilmicin (74%), nitrofurantoine (63%), doxycycline (60%),
nalidixic acid (60%), chloramphenicol (24%).
- Most isolates were sensitive towards norfloxacin.
Lesley et al. (2013)
Bacteria Sources
(Location)
Major Findings Reference
Salmonella Catfish and Tilapia
(market and ponds in
Penang)
Salmonella isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol (C,
37.2%), clindamycin (Da,100%), rifampicin (Rd, 90.7%),
spectinomycin (Sh, 27.9%), and tetracycline
(Te, 67.4%).
- The multiple antibiotic resistance index of Salmonella
isolates ranged from 0.32-0.45 for catfish; 0.14-0.36 for
tilapia.
Budiati et al. (2013)
22 bacterial sp.
(coccobacillus or bacillus,
gram-negative bacteria)
Retail Sushi
(Kampar, Perak)
From the 22 bacterial isolates, 45% (10/22) were
found to be multi-antibiotic resistant
Cheong et al. (2014)
V. parahaemolyticus Cockles and Shrimp
at retail (Selangor)
- V. parahaemolyticus remained susceptible to
tetracycline (97%)
- reduced susceptibility was detected for ampicillin
Al-Othrubi et al. (2014)
Salmonella Catfish (ponds ) 2011-2013 Department of
Fisheries
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)
Bacteria Sources/
Location
Major findings Reference
A. hydrophilia Tilapia (retail)
(Kuala Lumpur)
All 21 isolates were resistant to ampicillin
and sensitive to gentamycin. Most isolates
were resistant to streptomycin (57%),
tetracycline (48%) and erythromycin (43%).
Radu et al. 1997
Edwardsiella tarda Freshwater-fish cultures
(Terengganu)
- The incidence of
sensitive case among the isolates from
wild
fish against the tested antibiotics was 40.7
%) compared to the isolates from cultured
fish (22.2 %).
Wei et al. (2011)
Aeromonas sp. Cultured fish (mainly
Tilapia)
(Selangor)
High resistance of Aeromonas sp. isolates
against most of the antibiotics tested except
Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin
Khairul Afizi et al. (2013)
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (ANIMAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)
Bacteria Sources/
(Location)
Major findings Reference
P. aeruginosa Fish, Prawn
(Sarawak)
- All isolates tested were resistance to at least
one antibiotic.
- Highest level of resistance was observed
against ampicillin and erythromycin while the
lowest was against entamicin, norfloxacin and
nalidixic acid.
Lihan et al. (2013)
A. hydrophilia Catfish
(Terengganu)
- All isolates showed multiple resistant patterns to at
least one antibiotic.
- 100% isolates resistant towards ampicillin
- 90.90% resistant towards colistin sulphate.
- 9.09% resistant towards novobiocin & florfenciol.
- 27.3% resistant towards nitrofurantion.
- 100% susceptible towards tetracycline.
Laith & Najiah (2013)
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM FISH (ANIMAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE)
o Yes. The Ministry of Health Malaysia is leading the preparation of the
National Action Plan on AMR.
o Other players include:
• Dept. of Veterinary Services, MOA
• Food Safety and Quality Division, MOH
• Dept. of Fisheries, MOA
Question 7. Is there a One Health Platform in your country? If so, please
provide details. Who is leading the process, what mechanism/structure in
place, who are the other players in this platform?.
Relevant stakeholders that should be involved in aquatic AMR project
o Dept . of Fisheries Malaysia
o Dept . of Fisheries Sabah
o Dept . of Agricult ure Sarawak
o Food Safet y and Qualit y Division, MOH
o Nat ional Pharmaceut ical Regulat ory Agency, MOH
o Dept . of Vet erinary Services
o Aquacult ure farmers
o Feed miller
o Academia
o Consumers
List the relevant information that are available to support this work
on aquatic AMR especially with respect to AMU and AMR
surveillance, e.g.
NO. INFORMATION AVAILABLE (YES/ NO)
1. Farmer regist ry Yes
2.
Laborat ories and level compet ence
Disease diagnosis
Ant ibiot ic suscept ibilit y t est
Ant ibiot ic residue t est
Yes
Yes
Yes
3.List of ant imicrobials locally manufact ured or
import edNo
4.Nat ional List of Aquat ic Pat hogens t hat is subject pf
cont rol programYes
5. Overview of expert ise of disease diagnosis Yes
6.
List of alt ernat ives t o ant ibiot ics current ly used
Vaccines
Immunost imulant s
Probiot ics
Yes
Yes
Yes