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COURSE CURRICULUMCOURSE CURRICULUM
MODULE 1 Introduction
MODULE 2 Laws & Regulations
MODULE 3 Enforcement Procedures
MODULE 4 Legal Action
MODULE 5 Legal Metrology
MODULE 6 Field Standards & Test Equipment
MODULE 7 Basic Weighing / Measuring Principles
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COURSE CURRICULUMCOURSE CURRICULUM
MODULE 8 Device Type Evaluation
MODULE 9 Weighing Devices
MODULE 10 Measuring Devices
MODULE 11 Weighmaster Enforcement
MODULE 12 Petroleum Products
MODULE 13 Quantity Control
MODULE 14 Service Agencies and Agents
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Tenth in a series of 14
Module TenModule Ten“Measuring Devices”“Measuring Devices”
Module TenModule Ten“Measuring Devices”“Measuring Devices”
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General OverviewGeneral OverviewGeneral OverviewGeneral Overview
This module will:
Familiarize you with measuring devices
Introduce various terms and definitions
Discuss enforcement tools used by the field inspector
Prepare you for “hands on” field training
Be familiar with the reference tools used in inspection and testing measuring devices
Module ObjectivesModule ObjectivesModule ObjectivesModule Objectives
Understand the difference between commercial and non-commercial use
Distinguish various types of measuring devices, their applications, and use with different commodities
Understand the effects of temperature and pressure and how some measuring devices compensate for these variables
Introduction to Measuring DevicesIntroduction to Measuring DevicesIntroduction to Measuring DevicesIntroduction to Measuring Devices
What do time, water and electricity have in common?
How can the distance between two locations and
power top run an electric motor be related?
Time, water, electric powerTime, water, electric power and the distancedistance between two or more locations areare all commoditiescommodities that have value: A monetary value and a measured value
Introduction to Measuring DevicesIntroduction to Measuring DevicesIntroduction to Measuring DevicesIntroduction to Measuring Devices
TaxisTaxis
The cost is based on the distance and the time spent in traffic
Utility CompaniesUtility Companies
Charge is based on the amount of electricity, water, or natural gas we use
MunicipalitiesMunicipalities
Collect money from the timed parking meters
General RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral Requirements
California Code of RegulationsCalifornia Code of Regulations
Is the body of rules that give the specific requirements for all devices
Type-Approval Type-Approval
Is the process used to establish that devices maintain their accuracy and function properly under normal working conditions and do not facilitate fraud
General RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral Requirements
Non-CommercialNon-CommercialAre devices not used to determine a charge, rather they generally are used in processing or manufacturing plants for the combining of material to make a final product, or used as inventory controls
Types of DevicesTypes of Devices
Commercial and Non-Commercial
CommercialCommercial
Are used to determine the charge for a commodity or service
General RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral Requirements
Universal Device Identification RequirementsUniversal Device Identification Requirements
Manufacturer’s Name or Trademark
Model Designation
Non-repeating Serial Number
General RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral Requirements
Under normal use, all measuring equipment shall:Under normal use, all measuring equipment shall:
Maintain their accuracy
Be suitable for the product measured
Be suitable for the environment. Not affected by wind, weather or Radio Frequency Interference
Be installed to manufacturer’s instructions
Have identification readily observable
General RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral Requirements
Devices Shall:Devices Shall:
Be accessible for the testing equipment
Be located so testing equipment can properly function
Have a security seal affixed to the adjustment mechanism
General RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral Requirements
Device Owner Shall:Device Owner Shall:
Supply any special facility, transportation and labor needed to inspect, test and seal their measuring device
Bring devices to a central location when required, usually for safety purposes
General RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral RequirementsGeneral Requirements
Primary Indicating ElementPrimary Indicating Element
The term “primary” is applied to those principal indicating (visual) elements designed to be used by the operator in a normal commercial use of a device
The term “primary” is applied to any element that is the determining factor in arriving at the sale representation, when used commercially
Read from a reasonable customer and operator positions
Regulatory RequirementsRegulatory RequirementsRegulatory RequirementsRegulatory Requirements
Retroactive Retroactive RequirementsRequirements
Enforceable to all equipment (Devices)
The requirements affect all of the devices already produced and to be produced
Non-Retroactive Non-Retroactive RequirementsRequirements
Apply only to those devices produced after the effective date
of the regulation
On the effective date a regulation takes place, it applies only tothose affected devices that are manufactured or imported into the State on or after that date, or tothe devices placed into commercial service for the first time
Types of Measuring DevicesTypes of Measuring DevicesTypes of Measuring DevicesTypes of Measuring Devices
Commodities can be sold and therefore measured as: liquids, gases, solids, and even time
Linear Measuring DevicesLinear Measuring Devices Linear Measuring DevicesLinear Measuring Devices
Units of DivisionsUnits of Divisions
DecimalDecimal
Division into tenths; this includes the metric system
DuodecimalDuodecimal
Division into twelfths; used by the Romans (example: 12-inch foot)
BinaryBinary
Divides a unit of measures into halves
SexagesimalSexagesimal
Division into 60 parts, used by the Babylonians (example: time and circles)
Linear Measuring DevicesLinear Measuring DevicesLinear Measuring DevicesLinear Measuring Devices
Yard SticksYard Sticks
If made of material softer than brass, it must have a metal tip as hard as brass
Can fold or flex
Cannot be made of cloth or any material that can stretch or shrink
Linear Measuring DevicesLinear Measuring DevicesLinear Measuring DevicesLinear Measuring Devices
Cloth Meters
Mechanical, uses rollers, pressure supplied by a spring and gears connect rollers to indicator
Cloth sold by the yard or binary subdivision of a yard
OdometersOdometersOdometersOdometers
Used by ambulances, rental cars, tow trucks
Two types: Mechanical and Electronic
Mechanical uses wire-type shaft that connects to either transmission or front tire
Electronic uses “pulse counter” on the transmission
Tire pressure affects accuracy
Measuring ContainerMeasuring ContainerMeasuring ContainerMeasuring Container
Measuring ContainerMeasuring Container
Used only once
Capacities in multiples of or binary submultiples of a quart or liter
Capacity is a defined by top edge
GraduatesGraduatesGraduatesGraduates
Designed to measure liquids
Filled to a designated line or to the top of the container
Straight-sided cylinder or a circular cone
Base and graduations perpendicular to the vertical axis
Can have single-scale or double-scale graduations
Dry MeasuresDry MeasuresDry MeasuresDry Measures
Rigid MeasureRigid Measure
Designed for repeated use in the measurement of solids
Not used as shipping container
Suitably strong material that will retain its shape during normal usage
Top edge reinforced
Wooden measure reinforced with a firmly attached metal band
Berry BasketsBerry BasketsBerry BasketsBerry Baskets
For Berries and Small FruitsFor Berries and Small Fruits
Capacities of 1 dry quart, 1 dry pint, or ½ dry pint Constructed of suitable materials that will retain their shape
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
TemperatureTemperature
Liquids and gases respond similarly to varying temperature
As temperature increases, volume of the gas/liquid also increases
Volume measurements usually referenced to a specific temperature, such as 68°F or 20°C
Coefficient of expansion is needed for correction
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
Boyle’s Law states:Boyle’s Law states: Volume of a gas varies inversely in proportion to the pressure on it, provided the temperature remains constant
As pressure increases volume decreases
PressurePressure
For gases the effect is of great concern
Effect of pressure on liquids is negligible
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
LiquidLiquid
A substance “in an intermediate state between the gaseous and solid states.”
“Under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions, most substances are able to exist in the liquid state.”
“Densities of liquids are usually lower than, but close to, the densities of the same substance in the solid state.”
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
Liquids that are measured can dramatically vary in Liquids that are measured can dramatically vary in temperature and pressuretemperature and pressure
Examples:Examples:
Gasoline is commonly held in underground storage tanks at about 55°F to 60°F
Propane boils at -44°F, must be kept in a high-pressure vessel in order to maintain the liquid state
Cryogenic Liquids have a boiling point of -243°F, but the pressures are relatively low
Cryogenic Meter
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
All have primary indication elements with the exception of water dispensers
Measured in an abundantchoice of units of measures:
Pints Quarts Liters Gallons Pounds Kilograms Cubic feet Cubic meters
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
Primary indicatorsPrimary indicators must be returned to a zero indication prior to dispensing
After liquid passes through the measuring device it cannot diverted from the discharge line
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
Liquid in the measuring chamber must be maintained in a liquid state
A Vapor Eliminator Vapor Eliminator is a device that removes the vapor from the liquid line prior to the measuring chamber
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
Discharge HosesDischarge HosesWet-HoseWet-Hose
A hose designated to operate with discharge hose full of liquid at all times
Must have an Anti-Drain ValveAnti-Drain Valve
This device prevents drainage of the liquid from the discharge hose
Dry-HoseDry-Hose
A hose intended to be completely drained at the end of each delivery
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
Temperature compensating mechanisms are required on liquefied petroleum gas with a flow rate of over 20 gallons per minute (100 liters per minute)
Temperature compensationis optional on other liquids
Temperature compensatingsystems usually correct thedelivered volume to 60°F(15°C)
Temperature CompensationTemperature Compensation
Temperature Compensator
Liquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring DevicesLiquid Measuring Devices
ReceiptsReceipts
Shall be made available through a built-in or separate recording element for all transactions conducted with a debit, credit card or cash transaction
Printed or written receipts must have:
Total volume Unit price per volume Total computed price Name or symbol of the product
purchased
A-1 GasA-1 Gas
1234 High Street1234 High Street
Carlton, CA 00009Carlton, CA 00009
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
DATE:DATE: 12/30/0212/30/02
TIME:TIME: 10:14:49 am10:14:49 am
SHIFT:SHIFT: 00
CLERK:CLERK: 1313131313131313
REGISTER:REGISTER:
TRANSACTION:TRANSACTION: 3294232942
---REPRINT RECEIPT------REPRINT RECEIPT---
QTYQTY DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION PRICEPRICETOTALTOTAL
---------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------
10.169 10.169 G RegularG Regular 1.3991.399 14.2314.23
--------------------------------------
10.169 Items Sold 10.169 Items Sold SUBTOTALSUBTOTAL 14.2314.23
--------------------------------------
AMOUNT DUEAMOUNT DUE 14.23 14.23
Timing DevicesTiming DevicesTiming DevicesTiming Devices
Time cannot be placed on a scale, held in a container, or measured with a ruler. But much of commerce dealswith time
Timing DevicesTiming DevicesTiming DevicesTiming Devices
Babylonians created the divisions of an hour into 60 minutes and the minute into 60 seconds
The Babylonian clock dripped water from one jar into another jar through a carefully calculated hole
The amount of time it takes for the water to completely drip from one jar to the next was the length of one day
Timing DevicesTiming DevicesTiming DevicesTiming Devices
Examples of Commercial Timing Examples of Commercial Timing DevicesDevices
Laundromat Laundromat DryersDryers
Parking MetersParking MetersTaximetersTaximeters
TaximetersTaximetersTaximetersTaximeters
Are unique devices in that they combine both a linear measuring component and a timing factor
TaximetersTaximetersTaximetersTaximeters
1) 1) Linear MeasurementLinear Measurement
Mechanical (wire) or electronic (pulser) attachment to a wheel or transmission
Distance traveled divided into fractions, such as tenths or eighthsof a mile
Calculating element computes the amount charged based on the number of units (fractions of mile) traveled times the rate per unit of measure
Corresponding charge for that unit of distance
Tire size is important. As air pressure varies so does thecircumference of the tire
TaximetersTaximetersTaximetersTaximeters
2) Time Factor2) Time Factor
Waiting periods or non-movement periods divided into blocks of time
Charge made for each block of time
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity
What is Electricity?What is Electricity?
It is a substance without physical shape or weight
It is the flow of electrons along a conductor
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity
The four elements that make up the measurement of The four elements that make up the measurement of electricity are:electricity are:
Amperes (Amps):Amperes (Amps): Rate of flow of electrical current or electron movement
Amps = Volts/OhmsAmps = Volts/Ohms
Ohm:Ohm: Practical unit of electrical resistance
Ohms = Volts/AmpsOhms = Volts/Amps
Volts (Voltage):Volts (Voltage): Electrical pressure that causes an electron flow circuit. always measured across two points
Watt:Watt: Practical unit of active power and rate that energy is delivered to a circuit
Watts = Volts x AmpsWatts = Volts x Amps
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity
Two factors to consider when dealing with electricity are powerpower and energyenergy
Power Power is the rate at which an electrical circuit performs work. Power is expressed in thousands of watts or kilowattskilowatts
Energy Energy is power multiplied by time. Consumption of electrical energy is measured in kilowatt-hourskilowatt-hours
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity
JurisdictionJurisdiction
California Public Utilities Commission has oversight of the sale of electricity from public utilities
California Weights and Measures has jurisdiction over sub-metered utility meters
Sub-metered utility meters (water, gas and electricity) are meters owned and operated by the property owners of the apartments,mobile home parks and marinas
California is one of the few weights and measures jurisdictions to regulate these sub-meters
Electric Watt-Hour MetersElectric Watt-Hour MetersElectric Watt-Hour MetersElectric Watt-Hour Meters
By 1890’s the electro-mechanical meter with rotating disk connected to series of dials calibrated in kilowatt hours
Initially developed by Thomas Edison in 1882Initially developed by Thomas Edison in 1882
In early designs weight loss from zinc electrodes determined electrical use
Electric Watt-Hour MetersElectric Watt-Hour MetersElectric Watt-Hour MetersElectric Watt-Hour Meters
Solid state electronic watt-hour meter technology developed in the late Twentieth Century
Computer SoftwareComputer SoftwareComputer SoftwareComputer Software
Is used in the measurement process for devices such as retail motor fuel dispensers, electronic cash registers, liquefied petroleum gas meters, electric meters and taxi meters
Software that affects the metrological components must undergo the type-approval process
Software can be used to interpret the signal from a meter pulser and converts to a unit of measure
Software can be used to calibrate and configure parameters that affect the metrological (accuracy affecting) components
Audit TrailsAudit TrailsAudit TrailsAudit Trails
Exist only in electronic devices or mechanical devices connected to a computer or electronic display that can affect calibration
An electronic count and/or information record of the changes to the values of the calibration or configuration parameters of a device
Enables information to be viewed or printed to determine if any changes have been made
A tool for the weights and measures official to determine if any changes have been made to adjustable parameters
Certificates of Approval contain the information on how to access the audit trail information for a particular device or system
Audit TrailsAudit TrailsAudit TrailsAudit Trails
The California Code of Regulations, Handbook 44 and Publication 14, contain specific information on audit trail requirements
Publication 14 is a checklist of test procedures for evaluating weighing and measuring devices and includes detailed audit trial criteria
As new technology is introduced, audit trail criteria are amended to help ensure fraud does not go undetectedwhether accidental or intentional
SummarySummarySummarySummary
Commodities That Are MeasuredCommodities That Are Measured
Commercial Vs Non-CommercialCommercial Vs Non-Commercial
General Requirements for Device and OwnerGeneral Requirements for Device and Owner
Specific Devices Used to MeasureSpecific Devices Used to Measure
Software and Audit TrailsSoftware and Audit Trails
Reference Tools AvailableReference Tools Available
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion
This training module has provided you with a This training module has provided you with a better understanding of measuring devices, the better understanding of measuring devices, the products that they measure and the resources products that they measure and the resources available to aid you in their inspection.available to aid you in their inspection.
This Concludes Module 10This Concludes Module 10“Measuring Devices”“Measuring Devices”
This Concludes Module 10This Concludes Module 10“Measuring Devices”“Measuring Devices”
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