COVALENT BONDBOND FORMED BY THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS

COVALENT BOND

Between nonmetallic elements

Formed by sharing electron pairs

Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O,

Bonds in all the

polyatomic ions and diatomics

are all covalent

bonds

WHEN ELECTRONS ARE SHARED EQUALLY

NONPOLAR COVALENT

BONDS

H2 or Cl2

2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.

Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

WHEN ELECTRONS ARE SHARED BUT SHARED UNEQUALLY

POLAR COVALENT

BONDS

H2O

Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly matched, but willing to share.

- water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.

ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Organic compounds are covalently bonded molecules made of Carbon and most often Hydrogen (called hydrocarbons)

Carbon forms 4 bondsAlkanes have single bonds

onlyExamples are propane &

methaneIf arranged in a single row

then called normalAlkanes can also branch or form rings

Alkane chemical formulas follow a pattern

The # of hydrogens =the # of carbons x 2 +2

Alkenes have at least 1 double bond ex- ethene

Alkynes have at least 1 triple bond

Alcohols have an –OH group

Polymers are large molecules that have repeating subunits ex- cells of body, rubber, wood and plastic milk jugs