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CPES Research:SSPS - Building Blocks for the Future Electronic Power Grid
The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering
Presented by: Dushan Boroyevichat
Clemson University Restoration Institute, Zucker Family Graduate Education CenterNorth Charleston, South Carolina
June 27--28, 2017
SOLID STATE POWER SUBSTATION ROADMAPPING WORKSHOP
Hybrid AC/DC Electronic Power Distribution Systems
• Load Converters:Meet dynamic energy requirements of the loads
• Power Distribution Converters:- Increase power density- Improve energy efficiency
• Source Converters:- Meet distribution bus standards - Improve source utilization
REDUCECOST !
More Power Electronics Improves System Performance!
Weight & SizeReliability & LifetimeThermal Management Power ManagementSubsystem InteractionsPower QualityEMICost
But …
ACAC
DCAC
DCAC
ACAC
LOAD LOAD
ACDC
ACDC
GENERATOR
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
DCDC
LOAD
LOAD
DCDC
AC BUS
LV AC BUS
PV
ACDC
ENERGY ST.
DC BUS
2017-06-27 1aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Hybrid AC/DC Electronic Power Distribution Systems
• Load Converters:Meet dynamic energy requirements of the loads
• Power Distribution Converters:- Increase power density- Improve energy efficiency
• Source Converters:- Meet distribution bus standards - Improve source utilization
REDUCECOST !
More Power Electronics Improves System Performance!
Weight & SizeReliability & LifetimeThermal Management Power ManagementSubsystem InteractionsPower QualityEMICost
But …
ACAC
DCAC
DCAC
ACAC
LOAD LOAD
ACDC
ACDC
GENERATOR
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
DCDC
LOAD
LOAD
DCDC
AC BUS
LV AC BUS
PV
ACDC
ENERGY ST.
DC BUS
2017-06-27 1bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Current Research Areas in CPESEmerging Applications
Technology Areas
Application Areas
Sustainable Energy Systems
VehicularPower Converter
Systems
Point-of-Load Conversion
Power Management for Computers &
Telecommunications
High Density Integration
Modeling and Control
EMI and Power Quality
Power Electronics
Components
Power Conversion Topologies and Architectures
watts to megawatts
Point of Load Converters Medium Voltage ConvertersTransportation Converters
SSPS 2.0SSPS 1.0SSPS 0.0
Point of LoadPoint of Loadd ConvertersdPoint of Loaddd Converters
SSPSSPSS 0..0
Transportatioon Convertersoon Converterson ConvertersoTransportatioTransportatioooooo
SSS 1PS 1..000000
Medium Voltagge Convertersg
PS 2SP 22.00
2017-06-27 2
Zonal Power Distribution SystemBus- & SSPS-based
Notional ±6 kV DC Zonal System for the Future Navy Ships
SSPS
2017-06-27 3Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
1 MVA SSPS Prototype
Features• 4 x 250 kVA AC-AC
converters with 20 kHz transformers
• Input and output bridges switched at line frequency
• High frequency section uses series-resonance
Leakage inductance and resonant capacitor
• Inputs in series and outputs in parallel to enforce voltage and current sharing.
• Input aswitch
• High fseries
Leares
• Inputsin paraand cu
250 kVA block
2017-06-27 4Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Power Electronics Building Block
Bus-bar
DC-link Capacitors
Insulation
Power Switches
Gate Driver
Gate Driver
PEBB Controller
Fiber-optical Cables
System Controller
Inductor
V
T
AV
Wide Input-VoltageAuxiliary Power Voltage
Current2017-06-27 5aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Power Electronics Building Block
Bus-bar
DC-link Capacitors
Insulation
Power Switches
Gate Driver
Gate Driver
PEBB Controller
Fiber-optical Cables
System Controller
Inductor
V
T
AV
Wide Input-VoltageAuxiliary Power Voltage
Current2017-06-27 5bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Power Electronics Building Block
Bus-bar
DC-link Capacitors
Insulation
Power Switches
Gate Driver
Gate Driver
PEBB Controller
Fiber-optical Cables
System Controller
Inductor
V
T
AV
Wide Input-VoltageAuxiliary Power Voltage
Current2017-06-27 5cPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Power Electronics Building Block
Bus-bar
DC-link Capacitors
Insulation
Power Switches
Gate Driver
Gate Driver
PEBB Controller
Fiber-optical Cables
System Controller
Inductor
V
T
AV
Wide Input-VoltageAuxiliary Power Voltage
Current2017-06-27 5dPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
PEBB 1000 (SSPS 2.0)
Power terminals(DC)
Power terminals(AC)
Digital Controller
Fiber-opticInterfaces
Control / Gate driverPower Supply
DM inductors
CM inductors
Gatedrivers
Back-to-back Half-bridges DC-link capsLaminated busbarSiC Mosfet modules
ADC sensor
SiC PEBB for 1-kV DC Bus 100 kW, 100 kHz, 98%, 108 W/inch3
2017-06-27 6Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
PEBB 1000 Fault Handling:Short Circuit Protection
MiD
M·diD/dtOne turn
*
*
Switching-cycle reset switch
DriverIC
ISOCurrent booster
vFAULT
Comparator
Integrator
vG
vSEN
vDS
PCB-embedded Rogowski coilscovered by shielding
Currentnt iDDD directions
t r
Oneurn
Otu
-1 0 1 2 3 4-10
0
10
20
30
-1 0 1 2 3 4
0
2000
4000
6000
-1 0 1 2 3 4
0
2
4
-1 0 1 2 3 4
Time ( s)
0
500
1000
vSEN iD
vG
vFAULT
vDS
86ns 540ns 520ns
30
Shortcircuittiming
8 ns 5
Occurs Detected Protecteds
136 V overshoot
600 V DC
5 kA peak
Soft turn-off
2017-06-27 7Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
PEBB 1000 in Parallel:Peak Current Mode
Driver
VIN vL
Vsense
Driver Vsense
Current comparator
Current comparator
Synch.ref.
iL
iP1
iP2
gP1
gP2
Switch current sensor
vL
iL
iP1
iP2
gP1
gP2
Synchronized references
Load step
Paralleled PEBB with PCM control: Improved dynamics with current limiters
2017-06-27 8Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
PEBB 1000 in Series:Switching-Cycle Control of MMC Capacitor Volatges
Larm
Larm
C
Larm
Larm
C
LO
Larm
Larm
LO LO
Or MGrid
iPH
vCU1
vCU2
vCL1
vCL2
iU
iL
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000-200
0
200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000-500
0
500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000-500
0
500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000950
1000
1050
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000950
1000
1050
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000950
1000
1050
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000950
1000
1050
time/ms
iUiL
iPH
5 % ripple
vCL1
vCU1
vCU2
vCL2
@1 Hz
5 % ripple
2+iU iL
Improved power density
2017-06-27 9Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
PEBB 6000 (SSPS 3.0)
10 kV SiC MOSFETs
Gate-Drivers
DC Bus CapsDec-Caps
Aux Power Supply
EMI Filter
Controller
PEBB 6000 H-bridge
10 kV laminated bus
3rd GenerationCREE SiC MOSFET& CPES gate driver
2017-06-27 10Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Current Limiting Function of Modular Multilevel Converter
• 1 kV PEBBs operating at 100 kHz using 1.7 kV SiC MOSFETs
• A three-phase PEBB-based MMC prototype for MVDC applications
Fault event and clearing
Simulation Results
Experimental Results
DC +
DC -
AC
2017-06-27 11Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
GRID
EMI
PFC
M
C
M
Consumer Electronics -TV, Computer, Projector
Appliances - Washer,Dryer
Appliances – Air Conditioner
Appliances – Stove/Range/Oven
EMI
PFC
C
CF Light(ceiling)
H Lamp(floor)
120 V, 60 Hz
Patching-up the 20th Century Technology
EMI
PFC
C
EMI
PFC
C
EMI
PFC
C
CF H
, p
PLUG-INHYBRID
VEH.
ENERGYSTORAGE
WINDTURBINE
SOLARARRAY
Integrationof grid,
renewables, and storage
saves money!
“Smart” appliances
save energy!
2017-06-27 12Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
PLUG-INHYBRID
ENERGYSTORAGE
WINDTURBINE
SOLARARRAY
GRID
Appliances - Washer,Dryer
Appliances – AirConditioner
Appliances – Stove/Range/Oven
380 V, DC bus
48 V, DC
C
M
C
C
MC
Consumer Electronics -TV, Computer, Projector
C
LED light(ceilig)
LED light(floor)
ECC
21st Century Electronic Power Distributionefficient, programmable, safe, … affordable
Nanogrid * with the bus architecture
Time
kWh
Web-based GUI
* J. Bryan, R. Duke, S. Round, 2003
• Two voltages• Wireless
communication
• Bidirectional power conversion
• Separation of dynamics
• Integrated protection
• Load management• DG management• Data acquisition• Communication• Islanded operation
2017-06-27 13aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
PLUG-INHYBRID
ENERGYSTORAGE
WINDTURBINE
SOLARARRAY
GRID
Appliances - Washer,Dryer
Appliances – AirConditioner
Appliances – Stove/Range/Oven
380 V, DC bus
48 V, DC
C
M
C
C
MC
Consumer Electronics -TV, Computer, Projector
C
LED light(ceilig)
LED light(floor)
ECC
21st Century Electronic Power Distributionefficient, programmable, safe, … affordable
Nanogrid * with the bus architecture
Time
kWh
Web-based GUI
• Two voltages• Wireless
communication
• Bidirectional power conversion
• Separation of dynamics
• Integrated protection
• Load management• DG management• Data acquisition• Communication• Islanded operation
Bi-directional topologyBi-directional control systemBi-directional current limitBi-directional decoupling due to dc-link Bi-directional EMI compatibilityLow dc leakage current High power density; high efficiency
Features:Solid State Power Station (Energy Control Center)
380 V, DC bus
2017-06-27 13bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
pECCBidirectional
Charger
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ( Picogrid )
2017-06-27 14aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
pECCBidirectional
Charger
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ( Picogrid )
2017-06-27 14bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
nECCHouse Energy Control Center
A house (Nanogrid)
2017-06-27 15aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
nECCHouse Energy Control Center
A house (Nanogrid)
2017-06-27 15bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
ECCMicrogridEnergy Control Center
Microgrid
2017-06-27 16aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
ECCMicrogridEnergy Control Center
Microgrid
2017-06-27 16bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Miligrid
mECCMiligridEnergy Control Center
2017-06-27 17aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Miligrid
mECCMiligridEnergy Control Center
2017-06-27 17bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
¿ Intergrid ?
DC picoGRIDPHEV
pECC
DC DISTRIBUTION
WINDPVPHEV
nECC
HOUSEHOLD LOADS
DC nanoGRID
PV WINDnECC
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
LOADS
DC microGRID
HYDRONUCLEAR
HVACTRANSMISSION
ECC
…nECC
pECC
pECC
nECC
2017-06-27 18a
Main features:
At least minimal level of local energy generation and storage;Interfaces to the higher-level system through bidirectional power converters;Ability to operate in islanded mode; Extensive communication and control capabilities;No thermo-mechanical switchgear;Step-up/down and isolation functions provided by the power converters (no low-frequency transformers);
Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
¿ Intergrid ?LARGE-SCALE POWER PLANTS AND TRANSMISSION
DC picoGRIDPHEV
pECC
DC DISTRIBUTION
WINDPVPHEV
nECC
HOUSEHOLD LOADS
DC nanoGRID
PV WINDnECC
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
LOADS
DC picoGRIDPHEV
pECC
HOUSEHOLD LOADS
DC nanoGRID
PV WINDnECC
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
LOADS
AC DISTRIBUTION
PHEV
nECC
WIND
PV
HOUSEHOLD LOADS
AC nanoGRID
PV WINDnECC
DC picoGRIDPHEV
pECC
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
LOADS
AC microGRID
DC microGRID
ECC
HVACTRANSMISSION
COMBUSTION
NUCLEAR
HVDCTRANSMISSIONGECC GECC HYDRONUCLEAR
HVACTRANSMISSION
ECC
…nECC
pECC
pECC
nECC
pECC
nECC
nECC
pECC
pECC
nECC
2017-06-27 18bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
¿ Intergrid ?LARGE-SCALE POWER PLANTS AND TRANSMISSION
DC picoGRIDPHEV
pECC
DC DISTRIBUTION
WINDPVPHEV
nECC
HOUSEHOLD LOADS
DC nanoGRID
PV WINDnECC
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
LOADS
DC picoGRIDPHEV
pECC
HOUSEHOLD LOADS
DC nanoGRID
PV WINDnECC
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
LOADS
AC DISTRIBUTION
PHEV
nECC
WIND
PV
HOUSEHOLD LOADS
AC nanoGRID
PV WINDnECC
DC picoGRIDPHEV
pECC
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
LOADS
AC microGRID
DC microGRID
ECC
HVACTRANSMISSION
COMBUSTION
NUCLEAR
HVDCTRANSMISSIONGECC GECC HYDRONUCLEAR
HVACTRANSMISSION
ECC
…nECC
pECC
pECC
nECC
pECC
nECC
nECC
pECC
pECC
nECC
2017-06-27 18cPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Smart System Integratorwith a New System to Build: China
J. Cao & G. Tang, “Leading HVDC transmission technology and its application in China,” HVDC 2015, Seoul, Oct. 2015.2017-06-27 19Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Planned Future HVDC Projects by 2020 in China
2017-06-27 20Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Electronic Power Distribution System Stability
AC BusInverterA. Rectifier
G(s) G(s)
Active Rectifier
DC Bus
G(s)
Motor Drive D. Rectifier
G(s)
DC Load
Diode Rectifier
Rectifierstage
Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter
DCLink
DC or ACBus
G(s) G(s)
60 Hz Power Grid
Grid Power
NyquistCriterion
Generalized Nyquist Criterion
ldcsdc
dcdc
sdcldc
ldcdc ZZ
VVZZ
ZV1
00
sdcZ ldcZ• Small-signal stability at DC interface:
ac0lacsacac VZZIV1
1
• Small-signal stability at AC interface:sacZ
lacZ
2017-06-27 21Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Three-Phase Impedance and System Stability
Active Rectifier
DC Bus
G(s)
Rectifierstage
Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter
DCLink
DC or ACBus
G(s) G(s)
60 Hz Power Grid
Weak Grid
PLL
lacZ
Mag
nitu
de[d
B]
Mag
nitu
de[d
B]
Phas
e[d
eg]
Phas
e[d
eg]
-250
-1000
-180
0
180
-400
-180
0
180
1 101 102 1031 101 102 103
ZddZdq
Zqd Zqq
Frequency [Hz]
AFE Input Impedance
PLL
2017-06-27 22aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Three-Phase Impedance and System Stability
Active Rectifier
DC Bus
G(s)
Rectifierstage
Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter
DCLink
DC or ACBus
G(s) G(s)
60 Hz Power Grid
Weak Grid
PLLsacZGrid-tied VSI Output Impedance
-50
0
50
-50
0
-180
0
180
1 101 102 1031 101 102 103
-180
0
180Mag
nitu
de[d
B]
Mag
nitu
de[d
B]
Phas
e[d
eg]
Phas
e[d
eg]
ZddZdq
Zqd Zqq
Frequency [Hz]
PLL
2017-06-27 22bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Three-Phase Impedance and System Stability
Active Rectifier
DC Bus
G(s)
Rectifierstage
Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter
DCLink
DC or ACBus
G(s) G(s)
60 Hz Power Grid
Weak Grid
PLLGrid-tied VSI Output Impedance
-50
0
50
-50
0
-180
0
180
1 101 102 1031 101 102 103
-180
0
180Mag
nitu
de[d
B]
Mag
nitu
de[d
B]
Phas
e[d
eg]
Phas
e[d
eg]
ZddZdq
Zqd Zqq
Frequency [Hz]
PLL
sacZ
lacZ
2017-06-27 22cPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Three-Phase Impedance and System Stability
Active Rectifier
DC Bus
G(s)
Rectifierstage
Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter
DCLink
DC or ACBus
G(s) G(s)
60 Hz Power Grid
Weak Grid
PLL
PLL
sacZ
lacZ
IAFE
VPCCIVSI
2017-06-27 22dPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Distribution Voltage Impedance Measurement Unit
In-situ impedance measurements (Series and Shunt Injection)• System frequency: DC, 50 Hz, 60 Hz, 400 Hz • System voltage: 10 kV dc, 4.16 kV rms ac• System current: 300 A dc or rms ac• Measurement frequency range: 0.1 Hz – 1 kHz
Using threeH-bridges with10 kV, 100 ASiC modules
2017-06-27 23Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina
Substation Power Density (SSPS 3.0)
PD > 20 MW/m3
GOAL: High Density Indoor SSPS
PD = 0.002 MW/m3
PD = 3.5 MW/m3
500 kV, 2600 MW AIS substation
145 kV, 3150 A, Indoor GIS Substation
AC T&D
PD = 0.01 MW/m3
±400 kV, 500 MW HVDC
VSC
DC T&D
Cost 50 – 80% higher than AIS (substation only - same rating)
Cost 200 – 300% higher than AIS (substation only - same rating)
2017-06-27 24Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina