Art MontemayorAugust 21, 2006Rev: 0Page 1 of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: 'ntro(u)tion' re)eive( my first )o*y of +rane,s -e)&ni)al Pa*er No! 10, title( . Flo/ of Flui(s t&roug& 0alves, fittings, an( *i*e., in 1)to2er 1962!'t /as given to me free of )&arge 2y t&e +rane salesman t&at too$ )are of t&e 2usiness a))ount at 3i4ui( +ar2oni) 5ivision of 6eneral 5ynami)s in +&i)ago, /&ere ' /or$e(!' &a( 7ust )om*lete( my first year *ra)ti)ing engineering at 3i4ui( +ar2oni),s affiliate( )om*anies in 8amai)a,8amai)a 1"ygen an( A)etylene 3t(! an( 8amai)a +ar2oni)s!' &a( s*ent a year in 8amai)a as Pro(u)tionManager, re*la)ing Alf Ne/ton /&o &a( gone to 9ar2a(os an( -rini(a( to ere)t a small +12 *lant in 9ar2a(os an( an in(ustrial gas fa)ility :1"ygen an( A)etylene; at 9il7a& Roa( in -rini(a(!My original )o*y /as t&e 19M!-&is 2oo$let /as not only interesting, 2ut it also taug&t t&e young engineer &o/ to )o*e /it& an( resolve *ra)ti)al*lant flui( *ro2lems!' /ent t&roug& all 27 e"am*le *ro2lems /&i)& /ere given in %e)tionof t&e 2oo$let!3ater, (uring my tenure at @ua$er 1ats +&emi)al 5ivision in +&i)ago :1968 A 197B;, ' /oul( re)eive a )o*y of t&e 196< +rane version :9t& *rinting;!-&e e"am*le *ro2lems /ere 2asi)ally t&e same an( resolve( in t&e same manner as in t&e 19e roughness factor 00012$ood5 +riction +actor 00247Pressure 4rop straightline 21,11) Pa 02112 "ar 11)2 psiPressure 4rop fittings %,221 Pa 00%22 "ar 1004 psiTotal Pressure 4rop 10,241 Pa 01024 "ar 4.38- #./Art MontemayorAugust 21, 2006Rev: 0Page 29 of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: C"am*le A12Example 4-1" (18th printing)Given: A 12Ain)& %)&e(ule 0 steel *i*e 60 feet long, )ontaining a stan(ar( gate valve 10 feet from t&e t&e reservoir an( its )enter line is 12 feet 2elo/ t&e /ater level in t&e reservoir!Find: -&e (iameter of a t&inA*late orifi)e t&at must 2e )entrally installe( in t&e *i*e to restri)t t&e velo)ity of flo/ to 10 feet *er se)on( /&en t&e gate valve is /i(e o*en!Solution:J? !#$8 :J for *i*e entran)e;J? 1#!! :J for *i*e e"it;:J for t&e 12. gate valve;:J for t&e 12. *i*e;v? 1! ftGse)(? 11#(&8 in)&es"#&$11#1" )P!#!1& :-&is t&e fri)tion fa)tor for t&e 12. *i*e in fully tur2ulent flo/;1"#! ft :-&is is t&e system &ea(L assume t&e reservoir,s level to remain )onstant;Re? 8""'88( flo/ is in t&e transition Konef? !#!14 -&e *i*e,s fri)tion fa)tor, using t&e Moo(y +&artJ? $#$& -&is is t&e system,s J re4uire( for t&e (esire( velo)ity of 10 ftGse)!!#1!4 -&is is gate valve,s JJ? !#84 -&is is t&e 12. *i*e,s JJ:-otal; ? "#$"8 Ht&e orifi)e,s JJ:orifi)e;? %#!! :-&is is t&e J of t&e orifi)e t&at satisfies t&e system,s nee(s;From t&e gra*& on *age AA20 s&o/ing + versus Reynol(s Num2er at varying 9eta values, an assume( 9etayiel(s a + /it& /&i)& t&e J:orifi)e; )an 2e )al)ulate(!-rialAan(ACrror met&o( is use( as follo/s:At t&e Reynol(s Num2er of 822,889, (ifferent values of 9eta ratio are assume(!entran)e, (is)&arges 60 oF /ater to atmos*&ere from a reservoir!-&e entran)e *ro7e)ts in/ar( into J1? 8 f-:t&is is t&e relations&i* 2et/een an orifi)e J an( its ratio;? l2GftB?f-?&3?J1?R112,60,B0,10,hL=K$22 g!" , )*+t,m K=2 g hL$2Re=123. 9 d $ K=fLDK-".f.c, 1#2C2#4Art MontemayorAugust 21, 2006Rev: 0Page B0 of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: C"am*le A12+ value J0!70 0!70 !BB0!6< 0!67 7!210!67 0!682 %#888#1" in)&es :-&is is t&e 2ore (iameter of t&e re4uire( orifi)e;Assume( value-&e assume( is too largeL use a smaller one-&e assume( is too smallL use an interme(iate-&is is )lose enoug&L use ? 0!68(1?Art MontemayorAugust 21, 2006Rev: 0Page B1 of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: C"am*le A1BExample 4-1& (18th printing)Given: Fuel oil /it& a (ensity of 0!81< grams *er )u2i) )entimeter an( a $inemati) vis)osity of 2!7 )entisto$es is flo/ing t&roug& 1!7 *sia12< *sig3h4=40, 700 6 d2 P P14K T1 )gK=fLDArt Montemayor%e*tem2er B0, 2006Rev: 0Page 6 of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: C"am*le A21%our)e:&tt*:GG///!)&eresour)es!)omGin(e"KK!s&tmlTrn 01er4ec 1 2004 TP!410 includes an exit loss when calculating the eFui>alent length of pipe Gowe>er, / struggle to comprehend wh5 this is reFuired/f we are including an exit loss, arenHt we sa5ing that the flow is choEed not at the end of the pipe, "ut some distance from the pipe dischargeIThe reason / am asEing is that / am tr5ing to calculate the reaction force from a pipeline >ent-s such, / reFuire the choEed pressure at the end of the >ent pipe $5 gut feeling tells me that / shouldnHt include an exit loss-n5 assistance with this would "e most appreciatedr'nrn2/n adi"atic flow of gas through a conduit of constant cross section, the sonic >elocit5 is alwa5s reached at the end of the pipe Aou are correctGowe>er, there is alwa5s energ5 loss in>ol>ed due to friction, including entrance and exit losses, which are a form of energ5 loss -ll these energ5 losses influence the energ5 profile of the fluid ?i>en that sonic >elocit5 occurs at the end of the line, higher the losses, lesser the amount of fluid flow Gence, taEing the exit losses into account is important, as it will influence the amount of fluid which can flow in the pipeCrane ;xample 4!21 is correct in computing all the losses which occurGope this helpsaila"le to us.ow, these >alua"le free catalogs ha>e "ecome a thing of the pastJ0ecause / regard this su"Kect as >er5 "asic and important for all engineers to dominate, some 5ears "acE / prepared the following explanation for 5oung engineers worEing under me and with me in plant proKects/ would liEe to share it with an5 one else who hasnHt had the opportunit5 to find out this logical explanation of how pipe is classified/ndustrial pipe thicEnesses follow a set formula, expressed as the Lschedule num"erM as esta"lished "5 the -merican &tandards -ssociation '-&-, now re!organi3ed as -.&/ ! the -merican .ational &tandards /nstitute;le>en schedule num"ers are a>aila"le for use: *, 10, 20, 10, 40, %0, )0, 100, 120, 140, N 1%0The most popular schedule, "5 far, is 40&ch *, %0, 100, 120, N 140 ha>e rarel5, if e>er "een emplo5ed "5 m5self in o>er 40 5ears as a practicing engineerThe schedule num"er is defined as the approximate >alue of the expression:&chedule .um"er 9 '1,000,'P/&,P 9 the internal worEing pressure, psig& 9 the allowa"le stress 'psi, for the material of construction at the conditions of use+or example, the schedule num"er of ordinar5 steel pipe ha>ing an allowa"le stress of 10,000 psi for use at a worEing pressure of 1*0 psig would "e:This would "e the proper schedule for welded Koints and steel fittings "ut not for threaded connections and cast!iron or mallea"le!iron fittings/n practice, schedule 40 would "e used for welded construction and &ch )0 'a"out 2x the computed >alue, for iron fittingsThe higher schedule is reFuired "ecause of weaEnesses in the iron fittings and the metal lost in cutting the threads+or all pipe si3es "elow 10O, &ch 40 pipe is identical with what was once called LstandardM pipe, and &ch )0 is identical with the former Lextra!strongM pipeThere is no eFui>alent schedule num"er for Ldou"le!extra!strongM pipe, and &ch 1%0 is the onl5 other weight in which pipe smaller than 4O is a>aila"leTemperature has no direct "earing on the schedule, except as it either weaEens 'or strengthens, the materialHs allowa"le stress&tainless steels '104;=C N 11%;=C,, for example, 5ield a stronger allowa"le stress at the low /H>e used the rule of thum" that the softer the metal, the stronger it is at the lower temperatures/ hope this has helped 5ou in explaining how pipe is classified-rt $ontema5or&chedule .um"er 9 '1,000,'1*0/10,000, 9 33 'approx 4%,temperatures near the cr5ogenic 3one '!*0 to !1*0 o+,Copper and 0rass also exhi"it the same "eha>iorArt Montemayor Q!%!A! Pi*e 5imensions%e*tem2er B0, 200BRev: 0Page 91 of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: Pi*e -a2lesArt Montemayor Q!%!A! Pi*e 5imensions%e*tem2er B0, 200BRev: 0Page 92 of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: Pi*e -a2lesArt Montemayor Q!%!A! Pi*e 5imensions%e*tem2er B0, 200BRev: 0Page 9B of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: Pi*e -a2lesArt Montemayor Q!%!A! Pi*e 5imensions%e*tem2er B0, 200BRev: 0Page 9 of 292FileName: 27887161!"ls#or$%&eet: Pi*e -a2les