CREATED BY : VIRAL M.KORADIYA. Anchor elements are defined by the element. The element accepts...

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CREATED BY : VIRAL M.KORADIYA

Anchor elements are defined by the <a> element. The <a> element accepts several attributes, but either the Name or HREF attribute is required.

Attribute HREFNAMETARGET

The href Attribute

if the HREF (Hypertext Reference) attribute is present, the text between the opening and closing anchor elements becomes a hypertext link.

Example:<a href =“abc.html”> link </a>

The target Attribute

The target attribute defines where the linked document will be opened.

Example:

<a href="http://www.google.com/"target="_blank">Visit Google!</a>

The name AttributeWhen the name attribute is used, the <a> element defines a named anchor inside a HTML document.

Named anchor are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Named anchor syntax:<a name="label">Any content</a> The link syntax to a named anchor: <a href="#label">Any content</a>

Example:

A named anchor inside an HTML document:<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

A link to the Useful Tips Section from the same document:

<a href="#tips">Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>

Line Breaks<BR><HR>

<BR> The line break element specifies that a new

line must be started at the given point.

<HR> A horizontal rule(<HR>) element is a divider

between sections of text, such as a full-width horizontal rule or a similar graphic.

Attribute:<hr align=left><hr align=right><hr align=center><hr color=name><hr size=value><hr width=number\percent><hr noshade>

Document Tag<HTML> </HTML><HEAD> </HEAD><BODY> </BODY><TITLE> </TITLE> comment

Body TagAttribute

bgcolor Example <body bgcolor=red>

Text Example <body text=blue>

Comment<html> <head> <title> Example of comment</title> </head> <body> hello <!– this is comment -- > </body> </html>

Text Formatting Tag<H1> </H1> to <H6> </H6><P> </P><Pre> </Pre><B> </B><U> </U><I> </I><Tt> </Tt><Strike> </Strike><Sub> </Sub>

<H1> </H1> to <H6> </H6>HTML defines six levels of heading<H1> </H1><H2> </H2><H3> </H3><H4> </H4><H5> </H5><H6> </H6>

The paragraph element indicates a paragraph of text.

To align paragraph use ALIGN =left/right/center attribute and values have been added to the <p> element.

<Pre> </Pre>The preformatted text element presents blocks

of text in fixed-width font and is suitable for text that has been formatted on-screen or in a mono-spaced font.

<B> </B>This tag is specified text should be bold

<U> </U>• This tag is specified text should be

underline.

<i> </i>This tag is specified text should be Italic

style.

• The TeleType element specified that the text be rendered in fixed-width typewriter font where available.

<Strike> </Strike>The <strike> </strike> element states that the

enclosed text should be displayed with a horizontal line striking through the text.

<Sub> </Sub>The <Sub> element specifies that the

enclosed text should be displayed as a subscript.

• The <Sup> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed as a superscript.

<Big> </Big>The <Big> element specifies that the

enclosed text should be displayed, if practical, using a big font compared with the current font.

<Strong> </Strong>The strong element can be used to indicate

strong typographic.

• The <Small> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed, if practical, using a small font compared with current font.

<Base>The <base> tag specifies a default address or a

default target for all links on a page.The <base> tag goes inside the head element.Attribute :-HREF Example:<head><base href="D:\\"><body>

Microsoft internet explorer support different-sized fonts within HTML documents.The element is <font size=value>. Valid values range from 1 to 7. the default font size is 3.

Font attributesSize : 1 to 7Color : color name & #rrggbb The color attribute sets the color that text

appears on screen. #rrggbb is a hexadecimal color denoting an RGB color values.

Face : name The face attribute sets the typeface used to

display the text on-screen. The typeface displayed already must be installed on the user’s computer.

Example<font size =5> hello </font> or <font color=red> hello </font> or <font color=#ff0000> hello </font><font face=“Courier New”> hello </font>

<basefont>The <basefont> tag specifies a default font-

color, font-size, or font-family for all the text in a document.

Example: <head> <basefont color="red" size="5"> </head>

<Blink>

Surrounding any text with this element causes the selected text to blink on the viewing page. This can add extra emphasis to selected text.

Example<blink> this text blink on the page </blink>

Note: the <blink>…</blink> element currently is supported only by Netscape browser.

The <marquee> element allows you to create a region of text that can be made to scroll across the screen.

Example:<marquee> Hello student </marquee>

AttributesAlign

This attribute can be set to TOP,MIDDLE and BOTTOM specifies that the text around the marquee should align with the top, middle and bottom of the marquee.

Example: <marquee align=top> hello </marquee>

Behavior

This can be set to SCROLL, SLIDE and ALTERNATE. It specifies how the text displayed in the marquee should behave.

Example:<marquee behavior=alternate>hello</marquee><marquee behavior=scroll>hello</marquee><marquee behavior=slide>hello</marquee>

Direction This specifies in which direction the

<marquee> text should scroll. The default is LEFT. Which means that the text will scroll to the left from the right-hand side of the marquee. This attribute also set to RIGHT, which causes the marquee text to scroll from the left to the right.

Example: <marquee direction=right>hello</marquee>

FramesWith frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window. Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.

The disadvantages of using frames are:

The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents It is difficult to print the entire page

The Frameset Tag

The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames

Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns

The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column will occupy

The Frame Tag

The <frame> tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame

In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window. The HTML document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first column, and the HTML document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second column:

<frameset> Tag

Definition and Usage

The <frameset> tag defines a frameset.The frameset element holds two or more frame

elements. Each frame element holds a separate document.

The frameset element states only how many columns or rows there will be in the frameset.

ExampleA simple three-framed page:<html>

</html>

Attributes COLS = PIXELS OR PERCENTAGESpecifies the number and size of columns in a

frameset

ROWS = PIXELS OR PERCENTAGESpecifies the number and size of rows in a

frameset

Vertical Frame<html>

</frameset>

Horizontal Frame<html>

The <img> tag embeds an image in an HTML page.

Notice that images are not technically inserted into an HTML page, images are linked to HTML pages. The <img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced image.

The <img> tag has two required attributes: src and alt.

Required Attributes

Attribute Value Description alt text Specifies an alternate text for an image

src URL Specifies the URL of an image

Example:

</body></html>

Optional Attributes

Align : Use styles instead Specifies the alignment of an image according to surrounding elements Values : left ,right

Border: Specifies the width of the border around an image Value: pixels

Height : Specifies the height of an image Value: pixels %

Width :Specifies the width of an image Value : pixels %

vspace: Specifies the whitespace on top and bottom of

an image Value: pixel

hspace: Specifies the whitespace on left and right side of

an image Value : pixel

Example:<html><body><img src="D:\image2.jpg" border=15><img src="D:\image3.jpg" width=250 height=500 ><img src="D:\image4.jpg" hspace="200“ vspace="1000"> </body></html>

Table HTML Elements are:

TABLE ATTRIBUTE:ALIGN =LEFT, RIGHT, CENTERBGCOLOR=“#RRGGBB /COLORNAME”BORDER =VALUEBORDERCOLOR=“#RRGGBB /COLORNAME”CELLPANDDING=VALUECELLSPACING=VALUEHEIGHT= PERCENTWIDTH= PERCENTBACKGROUND= IMAGE

CAPTION ATTRIBUTESALIGN ATTRIBUTE

ALIGN=LEFTALIGN=RIGHTALIGN=CENTERALIGN=TOPALIGN=BOTTOM

<TR>,<TH>,<TD> ATTRIBUTES

ALIGN=LEFT / RIGHT / CENTERBACKGROUND=IMAGEBGCOLOR=“#RRGGBB”/COLORNAMEBORDERCOLOR =“#RRGGBB”/COLORNAMECOLSPAN=VALUEROWSPAN=VALUEHEIGHT=PERCENTWIDTH=PERCENTNOWRAP

TopicsBackground and History of PHPInstallationComments in PHPVariablesConditionsLoopsFunctionsFile HandlingDatabase Handling (MySQL, MSSQL,

BackgroundPersonal Home Page – C kind of scripts

written in Perl language, by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995.

He called the language as PHP/FI – Personal Home Page / Forms Interpreter.

1997 Version 2.0 was releasedThen came 3.0, 4.0. They were called PHP

simplyRecent version is PHP 5.2.3

InstallationApache server need to be installed firstThe config file for apache server will be

present in the conf folder under the apache installed directory

Set the DocumentRoot to the path where the PHP files will be stored

Install PHP. Point apache conf directory when it asks so and select the appropriate web server.

Move the PHP.ini file to C:\WNDOWS directory

PHP CommentsAll php files are saved with extension .phpThe can be written in notepad or any text

editorSingle line comment

// this is single line commentMulti line comment

/*….This is a multi line comment */

Sample PHP<html><body><?php echo “hello”; ?></html>

The above program will display hello in the browser

VariablesVariables start with a $ symbolVariables can contain _ or numbers or

alphabets$ should be followed by _ or alphabet and not

by a numberPHP is loosely typed language. There is no

strict data typingVariable can be assigned with any values

Conditions If else

if(condn) {….}elseif(condn) {….}else { ….}

Switch caseswitch(var){case c1: statements;break..Default: statements; break;}

LoopsFor

for(intialisation;condition;increment/decrement){ statements }

While while(condn) { ….}

Do Whiledo {….} while(condn);

Functions and ParametersPHP functions need to be defined with key

word functionIt can have zero or more values (parameters)Functions may or may not return valuesIf a function need to return value, the last

statement of the function should be returnreturn value;

FunctionsParameter less function

<?php function sayHi(){

echo “hi”;}?> This can be called as <?php sayHi(); ?> in the

program

FunctionsParameterized function<?php function greet($name){

echo “Hello “ . $name;}?>This can be called <?php greet(‘Ram’);?> This gives an output Hello Ram

FunctionsFunction returning value<?phpfunction add($a,$b){

return ($a + $b);}?> When called like <?php echo add(1,2);?>

we will get an output 3 in the browser.

File HandlingThis involves 5 tasks

Opening a fileReading data from a fileDisplaying the read dataWriting contents to another fileClosing a file

Opening a file$fp = fopen(‘filename’,’mode’);Eg $fp = fopen(‘c:\abc.txt’,’r’);

This opens a file abc.txt in read only modeAvailable modes:

r – read onlyw – write onlyw+ - read writeA – append – adding to the end

Reading a fileSeveral methods are available

fread(filepointer,no of bytes to read)fgetc(filepointer) – Reads character by characterfgets(filepointer) – Reads line by line

The read content can be stored in a variable$data = fread($fp,10) – this reads 10

characters from file pointed by file pointer $fp and stores in $data

If we want to read characters till end, we need to use a loop with condition checking for End of File

Writing to fileWe can use echo $data, to print the

contents read from the file to browserOr we can open another file in write mode

and put the contents to that file using either of these methodsfwrite(filepoiner,data);fputc(filepointer,char); - writes character by

characterfputs(filepointer,line); - writes line by line

Eg - fwrite($fpw,$data);

Closing a filefeof(fp) – Checks for end of file. Returns –1 if EOF is reached. Otherwise

returns 0To close a file use fclose(filepointer) methodEg. fclose($fp);

This closes the file pointed by $fp.

Database HandlingPHP can connect to

MySQLMSSQLAccess and other databases like oracle, postgre

sql etcThere are separate methods available for

connecting to the databases

MySQL and MSSQL Connectionmysql_connect(dbserver,userid,password)mssql_connect(dbserver,userid,password)

These methods are used for connecting to MySQL and MSSQL server using a userid and password

$con = mysql_connect(‘localhost’,’root’,’root’);This gets a connection to the local mysql server

using the credentials root and rootIf server cannot be connected, it will throw an

error stating the problemNote: Mysql and MSSQL can be accessed in

identical way except for the preceeding mysql or mssql. So will use mysql henceforth.

MySQL Select DBmysql_select_db(connection,dbname)

mysql_select_db($con,”test”);This will select the db test under the server localhost

If unable to select the database, an error will be thrown

MySQL Execute Querymysql_query(connection,sql statement);This will execute the sql statement on the

database and store the result in a variableEg

$rs = mysql_query($con,select stmt);The rows of select statement will be stored in $rs$row = mysql_fetch_array($rs);

This will fetch a row and store in $row Values can be accessed like - $row[“ID”] – returns value

of column ID in the fetched row.

MySQL and MSSQL CloseTo close a db connection we have close

methodmysql_close(connection);mssql_close(connection);

Examplemysql_close($con);mssql_close($con);

ODBC Data handlingConnect to a data source

odbc_connect(dsn,uname,pwd);DSN – Data Source NameGo to Control Panel -> Administrative Tools ->

Datasources (ODBC)Click on ODBC and select System DSN tab.Click Add and choose Access Database (mdb)

and click FinishIn the dialog that appears, give DSN Name and

Description

ODBC Data handling Contd..

Click on Select under Database sectionChoose a mdb (access database file) and give

$conn=odbc_connect('nwind','','');Here nwind is the DSN that we have created in

our system to access a databaseWe have not given any user name or password

during DSN creationSo those fields are left empty.

Selecting rows from a table$rs = odbc_exec($conn,$sql);

$conn – connection string$sql – SQL query to select rows from table$rs is the result set of the query execution

odbc_fetch_row($rs)This command fetches row by row from the result

set$cid = odbc_result($rs,"CustomerID");

This command fetches value for the column CustomerID from the current row and stores it in the variable $cid.

Closing Connectionodbc_close(connection)

This function closes the connection obtained and releases the same to the connection pool

odbc_close($conn);The connection defined by $conn is released

and no query can be executed using this connection variable hence forth.

CREATED BY : VIRAL M.KORADIYA. Anchor elements are defined by the element. The element accepts...

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