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Conservation Agriculture Systems forImproving Livelihood- CSISA Initiatives
M.L. Jat
Coordinator (Delivery & AdaptiveResearch) CSISA Haryana Hub
M.Jat@cgiar.org
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Land and Labour Productivity in GlobalAgriculture
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Land degradation- a global problem
Global land degradation
Water erosion-1100 m ha
Wind erosion- 550 m ha
Mainly taking place on
agricultural lands 74% in Central America
65% in Africa
45% in South America
38% in Asia
Source: Pandya-Lorch (2000),Paroda (2009)
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Source: Scholze et al. (2006)
Blue-tendency to increaseRed-tendency to decrease
Availability of irrigation water
Estimated water loss from aquifers: (13.2 17.74.5 km3/yr)Source: Mathew Rodell et al (2009)
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Biomass Burning
Emitting 3.7 Pg
C/year in theTropics
Source: Lal (2008)
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Annual growth rate (%) for major cropyields
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1961-70 1971-80 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2005
Rice Wheat Maize
Sorghum Chickpea Potato
Source: FAOSTAT (2007), http://faostat.fao.org
Ann
ualGrowthRate(%)
http://faostat.fao.org/http://faostat.fao.org/http://faostat.fao.org/8/3/2019 CSISA Overview
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Changes in output and input costs for selectedcommodities and fertilizer inputs
Change in output prices (%)Meat Dairy Cereals Oils Sugar Food price Index
2007-08 9 49 80 94 23 52 ( 40)
2006-07 5 35 32 29 -39 12
Change in input costs (%)
Ammonia Urea NPK DAP Crudeoil
Input price Index
2007-08 82 31 213 163 70 99 ( 80)
2006-07 4 29 41 33 -3 19
Source: FAO, 2008
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Wastes
2%
Land use
change
1%
Industrial
processes
8%
Agriculture
28%Energy
61%
Rice cultivation(23 %)
Entricfermentation
(59 %)
Emission from
soils (12 %)
Manure mgt(5 %) Crop residues
(1 %)
Climate change- emission of GHGs
Source: NATCOM, 2004
Global Average from
Agriculture is 13.5 %(IPCC, 2007)
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-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
200
8
200
9
201
0
201
1
201
2
N P2O5 K2O
Fertilizer nutrient scenario in Asia, 2008-2012
Nutrien
tBalance(milliontonnes)
Source: FAO, 2008
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Multiple Nutrient Deficiency in soil of Haryana(2007)-Major Nutrients
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Emerging Multiple Nutrient Deficiency in Haryana
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1995
-96
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-200
0
2000
-200
1
2001
-200
2
2002
-200
3
2003
-200
4
2004
-200
5
2005
-200
6
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
Wheat Chickpea Oilseeds
Maize Cotton
Escalation in Cost of Cultivation
Cultivationcos
t(Rs/100kg)
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----with growing threats of naturalresource fatigue, escalating input
costs, shrinking profit margins andemerging climatic risks, improvingRESOURCE USE EFFICIENCYis
becoming increasingly important
Concern
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Continued improvement in cropping system
management- The CA approach
Genotype
Land leveling
Tillage/establishment Residues
Rotations
Water Nutrient
-------------
Improving Resource Use Efficiency
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CSISAs Goals
Provide an overall strategy and umbrella forcontributing new science and technologies to shortand long-term cereal production growth in SouthAsia
More productive and more sustainable cereal-based
cropping and crop-livestock systems Annual grain yield growth of about 1.5% from rice
and wheat
New Public-Private Partnerships: R&D, capacity
building and delivery of new seeds, technologies,and information
Strengthen policy support
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CSISA Objectives
1. Delivery of new technologies through public-private partnerships
2. Future cereal-based systems
3. Rice breeding for current and future systems
4. Wheat breeding for current and future systems5. Maize breeding for current and future systems
6. Technology targeting and improved policies
7. Capacity building: scientists and professional
agronomists8. Project management, communication and impact
assessment
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Focus areas:
Intensive cereal-based systems in South Asia
that provide the bulk of cereals for humanconsumption and other uses
Irrigated or partially irrigated systems, particularlyR-W, Sugarcane-wheat and others
Emerging multiple/relay cropping systems involvingR, W or M, particularly R-M, M-W,
Favorable rainfed R areas with potential forintensification/diversification
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Integrated Crop and Resource ManagementEcological Intensification
Crop Management NRM
Productivity withoptimal external inputs
Variety
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Labor
Energy
Land leveling
Tillage & crop est.
Residue
Water
Climate and soil
Conservation and efficientuse of natural resources
Conservation Agriculture
Profitablecropping
systems
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How to achieve this?
Customized technologies that farmerswant
Strong ag professionals on the ground
Access to information
Linkage with input and output markets Good business models
Suitable policies
Linkages with large-scale investments
Dedicated partners that complement eachother and contribute own resources
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Rationale:
NRM problems are often complex
Technical solutions often site specific, need fine-tuning to fit the socio-
economic endowments of the farmers before a wide spread roll-out
CA is knowledge intensive, Farmer participatory research-extension need
some swift changes / shifts for effective delivery of knowledge to farmers Access to technology and inputs are uneven across regions
Role of input-dealers - Knowledge to be supplied with the products
Pressure on land and water - Resource fatigue
Widening income disparities between and within environments-
- Irrigated ( Canal vs. Tube well);
- Rainfed ( favorable vs. unfavorable rainfall)
New technologies for marginal areas ( rainfed, and flood prone) coming
slowly
Less mobility and weak extension services
Objective 1: Adaptation and widespread delivery of production andpost harvest technologies to increase cereal production and raise incomes
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Objective 1. Adaptation and Delivery of Cereal System Technologies
Focuses on :
Expand the range of technologies and services
Integration of crop and resource management practices for sustainability
Participatory evaluation of key technologies
Extend the reach of new information on CA based technologies
Facilitating professional training on CA
Catalyze links with public-private sector institutions
Extended partnerships, networking with out-reach public institutions, rural agri-business and NGOs
Delivery mechanisms to encourage public-private sector investments intechnology dissemination / service centers/ - around the CSISA Hubs
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From Issues To Actions(1)
High production costs- Resource fatigue and lowfactor productivity
Water scarcity, declining water tables
Imbalanced fertilizer use -Multiple nutrientdeficiencies
Low rice/ wheat yields due to late planting
Alternate sources of productivity growth in wheatnot readily visible and low profit margins inSugarcane-Wheat systems
Herbicide resistance in weeds
Residue burning
Ug 99 threat in wheat, Low seed replacement rates Seed viability, post harvest losses
Conservation agriculture based practices Laser land leveling, AWD, Remove Puddling, DSR,
Skip Furrow irrigation, Bunding (Rainwater) ,mulching, O-tillage and Raised Bed planting Conjunctive use of Organics and fertilizer nutrients
(R,W,M),SSNM, Customized Rec. O-tillage and some ground water development
Surface seeding, Relay crops- intercrops Change Cane planting time, Planting methods, and
practice wheat/ legume intercroppingin Cane
Crop rotations, Herbicide rotation, Residuemanagement, Herbicide resistant crops
Turbo-seeder, PCR planter, partial removal, surfaceretention or incorporation
Farmer participatory seed systems, seedcooperatives and seed quality etc.
Post-harvest solutions (drying, storage, seed viability, seed treatment.)
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From Issues to Actions (2)
Low productivity in fragile (flood/drought prone) areas Fodder shortages
Surface drying of rice in fields-high mortality ofseedlings (para crop)
Non availability of the machinery and inputs in easternplains
Low diversification
Labor / energy shortages
Mismatched Perceptions (farmers- Researchers-Policy makers; e.g. rotavator)
Low Public-Private sector, and research-extensionlinkages and low trained man power forCA
Cultivar choices, Mixed cropping, Fertilizermethods/ schedules
Cover/ intercrops, cultivar choices
Axial flow rice reaper-threshers
Custom service , cooperatives
Intercrops, raised bed planting, cultivar choices
Zero-tillage, mechanization
Information systems (HCP), Policy
Capacity building, study tours, graduate interns,CCA , net working
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Minimum soil disturbance-No-till/minimum till
Rational soil cover- Residue
management
Efficient crop rotations-Crop diversification
Immediate benefit to farmer
Conservation Agriculture ??
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Global adoption of CA
Country Area (million ha)
USA 26.59
Brazil 25.50
Argentina 19.72
Canada 13.48
Australia 12.00
Rest of the South America 3.50
Indo-Gangetic-Plains 3.20
Europe 0.45
Africa 0.40
China 1.33Others (rough estimate) ??
Total 105.86
Source: Derpsch and Friedrich, 2009
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Technological options available forlarge scale dissemination
I ti
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Innovations
No-till research initiative
in 1970s
Could not make impact atfarm level till mid 90s
Innovative improvementsin planters through farmerparticipatory approachtook the technology largeway
No-till in wheat and othercrops accepted by largenumber of farmers in theregion
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Participatory Innovations in SeedMetering System- Indigenous version of
Precision Farming put in to Practice
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No-till drills/planters
P ti i t I ti D l t f
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Participatory Innovation Development forResidue Management under No-Till Conditions
Innovative Planters for Direct Drilling
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Innovative Planters for Direct Drilling
Ri Wh t C i S t
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Rice Wheat RW System
Conventional Double ZT
Conventional CA practices Difference
Total Cost (US$) 518 379-473 45-139
Net income (US$) 275 345-377 70-102
Produ
ctivity(t/ha)
Economics of CA v/s Conventional tillage in RWCS of western IGP
Rice-Wheat Cropping System
M i Wh t S t
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Maize-Wheat System
0
2
4
6
810
12
NT CT PB
Maize Wheat MW System
GrainYield(tha-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
NT CT PB
System Profitability (US$ ha-1)
MWCS- 1.9 m ha in India
Higher system productivityunder no-till (NT) andpermanent beds (PB)
Profitability improved byUS$ 200-250 /ha
Potential for CA
RW System Productivity Under No Till
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10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
Double no-till with residue Double no-till without
residue
RWSystemproduct
ivity(t/ha)
RW System Productivity Under No-Till-With and Without Surface Residue
CA Practices Improves Photosynthesis:
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Photosynthesis(moleCO
2m-2
s-1)
CA Practices Improves Photosynthesis:Example of wheat at flowering stage
10
11
12
13
14
1516
17
18
19
20
Puddled rice-Zero till wheat Zero-till rice-zero till wheat
Keep residue Remove residue
Source: Jat et al (2007), Unpublished
Surface residues: Canopy development
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Surface residues: Canopy development(NDVI) in wheat
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
32 39 45 52 60 67 73 80 90 96 104 111 117
DAS
NDV
NT + Res (0 N) NT + Res CT NT
Source: Gathala et al (2009)
R id C Ad i Cli Ch
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5.0
7.0
9.011.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
19.021.0
10
DAS
17
DAS
22
DAS
27
DAS
32
DAS
37
DAS
45
DAS
53
DAS
58
DAS
63
DAS
70
DAS
110
DAS
116
DAS
124
DAS
136
DAS
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
NT + R (Morning) NT (Morning)
NT + R (Evening)) NT (Evening)
-7.5
-6.5
-5.5
-4.5
-3.5
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
110 111 114 115 116 120 121 122 128 130 131 132 135 138 141 143 148 150 151 153
Days after sowing
Temperat
uredifferenceoC)
Residue retained Residue removed
Terminalheat
(4.9t/ha)
(4.55t/ha)
Soil Temperature Canopy Temperature
Residue Cover- Adapting to Climate Change
Without residues, greater T fluctuations
Residue cover buffers the comfort zone-for roots , less energy losses
Better moisture-nutrient interactions forhigher yields
Lower canopy temperature at grainfilling
Better grain filling and higher testweight
Source: Jat et al (2009)
Innovative CA techniques reduces Global
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o Higher GWP in the conventional system was due to more fuel use for tillage, waterpumping and more methane emission in submerged condition.
oAt the current price of C credit (US$ 30 Mg-1 CO2) double no till system fetches anadditional income of US$ 24 ha-1 compared to the conventional rice-wheat system
Innovative CA techniques reduces GlobalWarming Potential (GWP) in RWCS
GWP(CO2equivalent,kg/ha)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Conventional Double no-till Permanent beds
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Direct Seeded Rice (DSR)
Brown Manuring:
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Brown Manuring:Rice+ Sesbania Co-culture
No additional irrigation water needed, Reduces weed density by nearly half, controls
second flush, Recycles nutrients and supplies 15-20 Kg N/ ha
Raised bed planting- An innovative
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Raised bed planting- An innovativesystem for diversification (3)
Alternate Source of Productivity Growth-
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Alternate Source of Productivity GrowthSugarcane +Wheat Intercrops
System 90 cm 67.5 cm
Yield (t/ha)
Cane Wheat Cane Wheat
Sole sugarcane 75.0 -- 73.2 --
S.cane+wheat (FIRBS) 69.5 4.19 61.6 4.10
Wheat fb. S.cane (summer) 53.0 4.15 53.0 4.15
Source: Samar Singh (2009)
Diversification/Intensification of Sugarcane
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Crop establishment Caneyield
(t/ha)
Wheatyield
(t/ha)Sugarcane plant +wheat (FIRB)
78.9(18 %)
4.21
Sugarcane plant crop(sole) after wheatharvest
64.6 4.35
Diversification/Intensification of SugarcaneSystems through Innovation with learning
farmers experiences
Reintroduction of legumes and oilseeds in
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Reintroduction of legumes and oilseeds inirrigated intensive systems - Raised bed
planting shown the way
Diversifying Intensive Systems-
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Cropping System Yield (t ha-1
) Net return (US$ ha-1
)Maize Intercrop Maize Intercrop System
Maize sole 5.97* 0 396 0 396
Maize + Sugar beet 17.00** 6.0 1169 767 1935
Maize + Gladiolus 4.30* 180000$$ 192 1556 1748*Grain, **Green Cob, $$Number of sticks
Diversifying Intensive Systems-Options with Innovative Systems
Maize + Sugarbeet Source: Jat et al, 2006
Raised Bed Planting- High Value
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-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
Baby corn
+
Coriander
Baby corn
+ Knolhol
Baby corn
+ Raddish
Baby corn
+ Beetroot
Baby corn
+
Fenugreek
Baby corn
+ Pea
Baby corn
+ Potato
Baby corn
Sole
Intercropping Systems
Baby
cornyield(kg
ha-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Baby corn +
Coriander
Baby corn +
Knolhol
Baby corn +
Raddish
Baby corn +
Beetroot
Baby corn +
Fenugreek
Baby corn +
Pea
Baby corn +
Potato
Baby corn
Sole
Profitability(US
$ha-1)
Raised Bed Planting High ValueIntercropping in Peri-Urban Agriculture
Indigenous Precision Planting of Vegetables-
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Saving in high value seedBetter yields
Better quality
Indigenous Precision Planting of Vegetables-Participatory Innovation
Imported precision planter for high
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Imported precision planter for highvalue crops
Indigenous Precision Planter for High value Seeds
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g g
Raised bed planting- Diversifying intensive cereal
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p g y gsystems through Horticulture
Straw berry English carrot
Peas
3032343638
404244
Raised beds ConventionalCarrotyield
(t/ha)
Source: Jat et al, 2006
L d L li C
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Large losses of irrigation water due touneven land leveling
Traditional land leveling techniques and
equipments are not efficientPotential benefits of RCTs/CA could not berealized with in-field spatial variability in
topographyPoor input use efficiency
Environmental concerns
Land Leveling: Concerns
Laser Leveling A water revolution
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No.ofla
serunits
Laser Leveling- A water revolution
1 4 8 16 40 57
353
925
3000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Area under laser leveling in IGP= 1.0 m ha Energy saving in RW valued at 60 million USD/year Water Saving ~ 10 km3/year Rural employment generation ~1million /year for 3000 Units)
Farmer Investments: USD 50Million
*
*
* * *
*
*
* * *
*
*
* * *
Source: Jat et al (2009)
Sidhu et al, 2009
Strategic Entry Points for Delivery of Technologies
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Strategic Entry Points for Delivery of Technologies
Laser land leveling, RB, AWD DSR,Remove Puddling
Peripheral bunding
Residue management , SSNM / LCCetc.
O-tillage in flat or RB systems
Relay or Para Cropping and cropsubstitutions in some areas
New chemical molecules tested
Seed increase, cultivar choices
1. Save water, better crop stand
2. Rainwater management
3. Conjunctive use of organic andinorganic nutrients
4. Minimal soil disturbance
5. Crop Intensification and
diversification
6. Weed management/ Herbicide
resistance7. Seed system for cereals
Entry Points: Potential Interventions
Water5
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1LeveledUnpuddled
Transplanted
or DSR- Zero till
Wheat in Flats
_
2FieldBunds
HYV seedingin Controlled
Traffic
Freewheeling
PairedRows
Equallyspacedrows
3Residues
WeedManage
N Manage
3 Splits 80% Basal+LCC/ CustomRecomm.
WaterManage
_
_
_
ZT system is 'divisible and flexible in application under diverse situations
An Example of layering of improved technologies Option Matrix
_
4
Delivery and Adaptation Networks:
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CSISA HubTWG
Farmers
Seed &Input
Suppliers
Rural Agri-business,
ServiceProviders
Millers &
PHT
NARS &IARCs
MassMedia
y pExtended Partnerships
Linkage between Research Platforms and Delivery Hubs
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Research
Platform
Fine TuningInterface
Delivery Hub
engaged inAdaptive Research
With Exp.platforms
FP CA1
CA2 CA3
WeedManagement
VarietalScreening
Fertilizer &
ResideManagement
IrrigationManagement
Linkage between Research Platforms and Delivery Hubs
Roll-out ofTechnologies
TWG/ TDG
FPBestBet P
CAbased
DSR-ZTw
Diversi.CA
based
Systematic Diagram for Scaling out Cereal systemd i h l i i h i
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Low hanging
High hanging
Capacity
building
New cultivars
Diversification
Innovative multi-crop planters
High value crops
Policy and advocacy
TCE and mechanization
ICM/SSNM/LCC
Farmer truthful seed system
Timely planting, cultivars
Laser land levelling/ AWD/DSR
Training
Farmer Participatory T.S
Information data base
Exposure visit
Bio-climate
Climate change
Terminal heat
Flood/draught/PPT
Duration of growth season
Cultivars choices
Land and water Mgt
Nutrient management
Irrigation watermanagement
Groundwater mining
Salinity and waterlogging
PhysiographyComplex ecology (RainfedF/UF, irrigated, upland,midland, lowland)
Socio-economic
Poor Infrastructure
High Production Cost/Lowreturn
Seasonal labour requirement
Low income/credit/highinterest rates
Poor market facilitiesOpportunity cost
Vulnerability
Absentee farmer
Entry points andAction plan
CA based RCT Seed quality and seed
system Scale neutral machinery New cultivars Residue/SSNM Planting dates and time LL/AWD/DSR/Beds
Scale-outtechnologies
Adaptiveresearch
Evaluation andreconsideration
Farmers
Socio-economicProduction systemcharacteristics and
constraints
Resourcemapping
Time line
Production Technologies in South Asia
GO/INGO/NGO
Farmerorganization
P-P partners Service providerAgribusiness Media/Finance/
Bankers Policy makers
Partners
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Complementary roles of public
sector, CSOs and private sector R&D
Information
Delivery of new technologies Rural development
Capacity building
Policies
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Catchment:20-25 km radius
15-20,000 farms30-40,000 ha
Agronomists
Regional servicecenters
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