Post on 17-Dec-2015
transcript
CUIN 6371Models of Teaching
Fall, 2003
Howard L. JonesDay 5
Inductive Strategies…
Hilda Taba’s Efforts
Information ProcessingInformation Processing
Inductive - Jerome Bruner/
Hilda Taba Deductive - David Ausubel Inquiry - J. J. Schwab/J. Richard Suchman
Jean Piaget/ L. Kohlberg
Memory - R. Atkinson/J. Levin/J. Lucas
Creativity - W. J. J. Gordon
The Most Common The “Guided Tour”Teaching Pattern Approach
• Providing Information
• Verification of information
• Application of Information
(after Renner)
The Most Common The “Guided Tour”Teaching Pattern Approach
• Providing Information
• Verification of information
• Application of Information
(after Renner)
Part ofPart of
LearningLearning is is Identifying Identifying Patterns!Patterns!
Dealing with Dealing with categories!categories!
Another Teaching Pattern (after Karplus)
Students
Explore
ExplainBy creating and
dealing with
Categories ApplyPersonal Investigative Approach
And these categories are
Concepts – we group objects and events and people around us into classes … respond to class membership rather than uniquenesses
Rules or Generalizations – combinations of concepts that - when applied - can allow for behavior with
predictable results
Hilda Taba’s Postulates
Thinking can be taught
But it is a special kind of thinking -
Inductive Thinking
Balloons, we have balloons…
Another Teaching Pattern (after Karplus)
Students
Explore
ExplainBy creating and
dealing with
Categories ApplyPersonal Investigative Approach
Processes of Investigation
Observing Classifying Measuring Communicating Inferring Predicting Hypothesis Formation
Hilda Taba’s Postulates
Thinking can be taughtThinking is an active transaction
between the individual and dataThought Processes are sequential
Concept Formation, Interpretation of Data
Application of Principles
What do we know about
The Pilgrims?
THANKSGIVING BEERThose Pilgrims stopped at Plymouth in the first place
for the same reason that Bubba Billy Bob
pulls into the Quickie Mart. To wit: They were out of beer. Source: Beer Drinkers of America avers they were headed for the friendlier climes of Virginia but the beer was about gone (“our supplies were much spent, especially our beer,” a Mayflower passenger wrote).
BDA notes also that beer was good shipboard nourishment because it was nutritious and kept well.
Concept Development
1. What do you know? What did you read? see?
2. Do any of these items seem to belong together? Why?
3. Could some of these items belong in more than one group?
4. What names could we give these groups?
Concepts Via Bruner and Taba
Concept Attainment
Teacher Provides Examples and Non-Examples of the category that (s)he wants students to grasp
Usually, teacher provides label for new concept
Students “unpack” their thinking that led them to the concept
Concept FormationTeacher elicits examples
from studentsStudents provide labels for
the categories (concepts)
…and focus on why they put the groups together and why they named the concept
Conditions of Learning Concepts(after Robert Gagne’)
External Presentation of
examples representative of the concept
Instructions to elicit a common link
Verification of concept Reinforcement REPETITION NOT
NEEDED
Internal
Discriminate between examples and non-examples
Concepts Via Bruner and Taba …both teach concepts, but
Concept Attainment
Directed primarily at how concepts are learned
Concept Formation
Builds upon what the student knows. “Understandings are built, not acquired.”
Data Retrieval Chart
Pil
grim
s
Texans
And…
The American Revolution
Pil
grim
sA
mer
ican
Rev
olut
ion
;
Musical selection is played…”What are some different things that you heard?
Show parts of “The Patriot”…”When you hear the word revolution, what comes to mind?”
Several newspapers are examined…”What are some things that you see in the editorial section?”
Vegetables shared with class…”Describe the vegetables using your senses of taste, sight, and smell.”
Interpretation of Data
1. What did you see..read? What differences and similarities do you see?
2. How do you account for the similarities and differences? What does this mean?
3. What can you say generally?
Generalizations/Principles/Rules
Broad Level of ApplicationLack mention of specific
persons, places or thingsContains two or more
concepts and includes the relationship between the concepts
When groups are oppressed they tend to want to leave or rebel
When people want freedom they will make dramatic changes
Often when groups of people are unhappy with their leadership new leaders emerge
A determined minority can change the course of history
Differences of belief lead to conflict
As the size of a place changes the kinds of goods and services found in that place tend to change.
When two or more societies interact, each tends to acquire some of the characteristics of the other society.
When two or more groups of people wish to use the same land in different ways, a conflict usually results.
Inductive Processes
Generalization
data data data conglomerate conglomerate conglomerate
data data data data data data data data conglomerate
data
data data data data data data data data data data data data
data data data
Finding Concepts and Generalizations
Joel Barker…
“The Power of Paradigms”
Concepts Generalizations
Paradigm Effect Paradigm Paralysis Paradigm Pioneers Paradigm Change Innovations Paradigm Shift Paradigm Flexibility
People resist changeNew ideas disrupt the status quoYour successful past can block the
futureIdeas of today take us to tomorrowWhen a paradigm shifts everything
and everyone goes back to zeroParadigms affect your judgmentPeople who present successful
paradigms are often outsiderChange tends to start from the
edge
Rule and Generalization Learning(including Defined Concepts)
External Conditions
Teacher informs student what is expected
Teacher invokes recall of component concepts
Student makes statement of generalization/rule in own words
Student demonstrates generalization/rule in another situation
Reinforcement
Internal Conditions
Mastery of component concepts
And the Pennsylvania Farmers?
1791 … Western Pennsylvania
Terrible transportation to eastern buyers Farmers found it profitable to turn much of the
corn and rye crop to whiskey Federal Tax in 1791 on whiskey makers 1792..tax removed from smallest stills in
Virginia and North Carolina
What do you predict would happen?(and Daniel Shays?)
Application of Generalizations1. Predicting…What would happen if…?
2. Why? What makes you think this will happen?
3. What would be needed for that to happen? Under what conditions?
And if it didn’t happen?
Assimilation
Accommodation
Generalization: When people feel they are not being governed in their best interests, they tend to attempt to change the government to reflect these interests
People
Pilgrims
EnglishColonistsUnited States
PennsylvaniaFarmers
Year Gov’t Gov’tPolicy
People’sInterest
ChangeAttempts Results
Alternate: When people become unhappy with their government, they will usually try to change the government.
Jigsaw II
Data Retrieval ChartPlato Aristotle Locke Greene
Purpose of school
Role of teacher
Curriculum
Schools and society
Truth
And don’t forget John Dewey and Lev Vygotsky
And our generalization is …
Next Time
How to teach rules and generalizations DEDUCTIVELY (and effectively)
The work of David Ausubel