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Current Situation on Brownfield Remediation and Redevelopment in Zhejiang Province:
Progress and Challenges
Zhong Zhong Ph.D.
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Scope
• Background
• Regulatory framework and management Procedures
• Case study for choice of selection in remedy
technology
• Conclusion
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Industry Brief History
• 1979-1991
– The rise of township and
village enterprises
• 1992-2001
– The golden age of private
sectors
• 2002-present
– The new era of modern
industry
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• Left Y-Axis: Annual Industry values (pink bars)• Right-Axis: Annual Industry increase rate (blue lines)
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Industry Features
• Small business and private sectors provide more than
60% gross domestic product (GDP) value
• County-level economy in dominant
• Economy of agglomeration
• Sparse distribution with inefficient land utilization
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute23/4/19 5
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Conflictions Between Land Resource and Demand
• Total land area of Zhejiang Province is 10.18 million hectares– 70% of hilly country, 20% of arable land and 10% of water area– 3.7 hectares per-capita farmland available (2nd provincial survey)
• Hold the “red line” for farmland– 1.93 million hectares farmland in 2010– Secure provincial “red line” for farmland with no less than 1.89
million hectares by 2020
• Construction land increment control – Less than 0.2 million hectares by 2020 (which was almost
depleted at 2010)
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Economic Reform
• Zhejiang Government Document– No. 34 (2010): To promote industrial transformation and
upgrade by eliminating excess production capacity
– No. 75 (2011): To accelerate the elimination of excess production capacity
– No. 107 (2011): Guidance for regulation and promotion on heavy pollution and high energy consumption industry
– No. 49 (2012): To accelerate the economic reform and upgrade
– 《 The provincial plan for elimination of excess production capacity: 2013-2017 》
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Industrial Values
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Category2008 Output
(Billion RMB)Percent of total
output (%)Number of Enterprise
Textile Industry 448.2 11.0 24,000
Paper Industry 86.5 2.1 6,800
Metal Processing 176.8 4.3 15,300
Tanning Industry 109.0 2.7 6,600
Chemical Industry 264.5 6.5 6,700
*Source: 2nd Provincial Economic Census
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Elimination of Redundancy
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YearCategory 2010 2011 2012
Steel ( tons ) 305,000 ―― 43,600
Cement ( tons ) 10,670,000 10,404,000 7,310,000
Paper ( tons ) 142,000 161,000 152,500
Textile ( million meters ) 2,368 210.8 532.9
Synthetic Fiber ( tons ) 238,400 218,800 44,600
Lead-acid Battery ( kVAh ) ―― ―― 2,329,480
Tanning ( standard size ) 3,730,000 ―― 300,000
Non-ferrous Metallurgy ( tons ) ―― 993,700 52,600
Chemical Industry ( tons ) ―― 162,700 584,800
Bricks and Tiles ( million piece ) ―― 2,358.5 3,767.7
Small Thermal Power Generation ( KW ) ―― 920,500 197,000
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Elimination of Redundancy
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Category By 2015 By 2017
Steel ( tons ) 600,000 800,000
Cement ( tons ) 3,000,000 4,500,000
Paper ( tons ) 1,150,000 1,450,000
Synthetic Fiber ( tons ) 450,000 550,000
Textile ( million meters ) 2,500 3,000
Lead-acid Battery ( kVAh ) 1,800,000 2,300,000
Chemical Industry ( tons ) 350,000 500,000
Tanning ( standard size ) 4,750,000 5,750,000
Bricks and Tiles ( million piece ) 4,860 5,860
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Magnitude of Land Contamination
• Abandoned sites or factory closure in total during the calendar year of 2012 – Total area: 84,960 hectares– Including chemical engineering, tanning , textile, paper, etc.– Over 211 lead-acid battery enterprises closure – 185 electroplating enterprises shut down in total
• Take Hangzhou as an example– Over 67,000 hectares in total by 2011 (only 59 municipal stated-owned
industry in account)– Another 150 heavy pollution industry in closure at northern region of
Hangzhou– At least 50 or more contaminated sites were investigated and another
600 sites are on schedule
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Clean Soil Action
• Zhejiang Government Document No. 55 (2011)• Goals
– Pollution control at the beginning– Build provincial monitoring networks and database– Establish catalog and list for contaminated sites– Initiate the brownfield remediation demonstration projects– Set new environmental quality control criteria
• Timeline– Stage 1(2011-2012): establish policy, provisions and protocols for Clean
Soil Action; start provincial survey on selected issues; setup specific aims for each goals
– Stage 2(2013-2015): execution from county-level to municipal level, summarize the progress and address the problem
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Highlights on Brownfield
• Site investigation and risk assessment– Provincial Survey: Zhejiang EPB Document No. 405(2012)– Environmental risk control priority list
• Brownfield remediation and redevelopment plan– Municipal or county level– Integration with existing land utilization pattern
• Demonstration projects for brownfield remediation and redevelopment– Mandate for all 11 municipal government– Start projects no later than 2015
• Regulatory framework and management procedures established
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Regulatory Framework
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• Issued in May, 2013
• In response to MEP No.140 (2012)
• Content :( 1 ) Scope and purpose;
( 2 ) Responsibility and liability ;( 3 ) General management
procedures
Site Investigation/Risk Assessment
Brownfield
Remedy Design
Remedial Action
RemediationEvaluation
Regulatory Revision
Record of Decision(ROD)
Agree to Land Redevelopment
Regulatory Revision
Site RemediationSupervision
Third Party Monitoring and Inspection
Site RemediationAcceptance
No need
Yes
No
VetoPass
Veto
Approved
Management Procedures
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Routine Site Investigation
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Provincial Technical Standards
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Guidance and technical support for site investigation and risk assessment
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Provincial Soil Screening Levels
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Criteria for general site investigation screening
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Clean Soil Action Expert Board
• Oversee major brownfield projects
• General technical support
• Action propaganda
• Experts from university, institute and
industry with diverse background
• Dynamic management and updated
annually
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Clean Soil Action Training
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Remediation Market
• Projects for bidding– Qingfeng agrochemical plant site remediation
- 200 million RMB
- A total of 147,000 m2 with 204,000 m3 contaminated soil
– Changhe chemical plant site remediation- 50~60 million RMB
- A total of 5,400 m2 with 24,983 m3 contaminated soil
• Gross provincial market– No more than 500 million RMB in total
– Consulting and remedy design: around 10 million RMB
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Choice of Selection
• In situ remediation– Monitored natural attention– Soil vapor extraction– In situ chemical injection– Bioremediation– Solidification/Stabilization
• Ex situ remediation– Excavation– Thermal desorption– Solidification/Stabilization– Cement Kiln– Incineration– Safety disposal
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Case Study
• Mechanical industry site with prolonged history of
organic detergent usage
• A total of 2400 tons TCA in use
• Contaminants were confined in upper saturated zone
• Groundwater table at 0.4~1.8 m with stagnant flow
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Hydrogeology Information
• Horizontal hydraulic conductivity ( KH
)– Clay : 2.17×10-7 cm/sec
– Silt : 2.56 ×10-5 cm/sec
– Average : 2.0×10-6 cm/sec
• Vertical hydraulic conductivity ( KV)– Clay : 1.25×10-7 cm/sec
– Silt : 1.53 ×10-4 cm/sec
• Horizontal hydraulic gradient : 0.001~ 0.004 m/m
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Contaminants in Concerns
• 1,1,1-TCA– Csoil,max : 2410 mg/kg
– Cgw,max : 1510 mg/L
• 1,1,-DCA– Csoil,max : 384 mg/kg
– Cgw,max : 382 mg/L
• Reaction condition– Dissolved oxygen : 0.39~4.49 mg/L ( <1 mg/L )– Oxidation-Reduction Potential : -151 ~ -211 mV ( < 50 mV )– Dehalococoides spp. detected
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Remedy Design and Simulation
• Source remediation– Plan A : monitored natural attenuation
– Plan B : 80% source removal in 5~7 years
• Plume remediation– General plan : monitored natural attenuation
• Rate of natural attenuation– TCA : 1 yr-1
– DCA : 0.2 yr-1
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute23/4/19 27
Plan A
10 years
20 years
Plan B
10 years
20 years
TCA Plume
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Plan A Plan B
DCA
Plume
10 years 10 years
20 years 20 years
40 years 40 years
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Plan B50 m downgradient
MCLs=300 µg/L
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Plan B100 m downgradient
MCLs=300 µg/L
Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Limitation of Simulation
• 2D-level simulation
• Model simplification– Biodegradation reactions in the plume can be described by first
order decay reactions
– DCA is the only derivative in consideration
– One direction homogeneous and constant flow
– All of the dissolved solutes are assumed to have the same retardation coefficient (R)
• Not applicable for diffusion into low permeability zones– Use a conventional advection-dispersion formulation
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Challenges Ahead
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Example to Follow
• World Bank polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) management and
disposal demonstration project
– Funded project with around $33
million (World Bank: $18 millions)
– $16 millions spent in PCB management
in the Zhejiang Province
– Address the China’s obligation under
the Stockholm Convention
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Example to Follow
• Adopted a demonstration approach– Focus on cost-effective practices and technologies
– Address PCB management and disposal issues at provincial level
– Zhejiang province as a choice of selection- History with PCB leakage incidents and overall transformer
capacity
• Mitigating the impact of PCB threats to human health and the environment
• Establish a cost-effective framework for cleaning up PCB
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
Example to follow
• Output
– Supported knowledge-building with regulatory
– Training modules implemented: 8 sessions with a total 362
staff
– National technical standards/guidelines
– Supporting achievement of national implementation plans
– Business success o f Hangzhou DADI Environmental
Protection Co. Ltd.
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Zhejiang Environmental Science and Design Institute
World Bank PCB Project
Thanks
!