Post on 13-Jan-2016
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Effects of Domestication on Hatchery and Wild Spring Chinook Phenotypic and
Demographic Traits: What Have We Observed So Far?
Curtis M. Knudsen1, Steve L. Schroder2,
Mark V. Johnston3, Todd N. Pearsons2,
C. A. Busack2, William J. Bosch3,and David E. Fast3
1 Oncorh Consulting2 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife3 Yakama Nation
Purpose:
• Overview of what we’ve observed in terms of domestication's effects on demographic and phenotypic traits– Size at age– Spawn timing– Jack production– Gametic traits
≠
The YKFP spring chinook hatchery program was designed to minimize domestication effects.
• use only wild-origin broodstock• limit the size of the program so as not to overwhelm the
naturally spawning population (mean 52%; 20-76%)• take no more than 50% of the wild returns into the hatchery• utilize factorial crosses during artificial matings• limit the proportion of jacks in the broodstock• randomly mate individuals• use “best culture practices” such as relatively low rearing
densities • volitionally release juveniles at sizes larger than, but
comparable to, wild-origin smolts
•Both share common hatchery and post-release environments
•SH returns experienced one generation of hatchery selection
•HC returns experienced two generations of hatchery selection (BY2002 to BY2005)
•Differences in their phenotypic traits should be expressions of genetic differences due to the one additional generation of hatchery selection experienced by the HC line
Hatchery Control vs SH Comparisons
Hypothetical Trends
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Return year
Ph
enot
ypic
tra
it
HC
SH
NO
Size-at-Age(reflecting growth rates)
Age 4 POHP length
57
59
61
63
2006 2007 2008 2009
Return year
PO
HP
len
gth
(cm
)
HCSHNO
*
**
Age 3 POHP length
38
40
42
44
46
48
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Return year
PO
HP
len
gth
(cm
)
HC
SH
NO
* *
*
255
260
265
270
2006 2007 2008 2009
Return year
Med
ian
sp
awn
date
SH
NO
HC
Median Spawning Date CESRF
* *
* *
Proportion Jacks Produced by Broodyear
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
2002 2003 2004 2005
Brood year
Pro
por
tion
age
3 j
ack
s
SH Jacks
HC jacks
NOR Jacks
Gametes
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
2006 2007 2008 2009
Return year
Gon
ados
omat
ic I
nd
ex
SH
NO
HC
Gonadosomatic Index
*
Total Female Gamete Mass
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Return year
Gam
ete
mas
s (g
)
SH
NO
HC
3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3
loge(POHP)
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
loge(Gamete mass)
SH
HC
Origin
2007 ANCOVA: Equal slopes p=0.014
SH
HC
Origin
2008 ANCOVA: Equal slopes p=0.442
3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3
Loge(POHP)
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Log
e(G
amet
e W
t)
1 2 3 4 5Body Wt (kg)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Ad
ult
Mal
e G
SI
NOSH
HC
ANOVA HC>SH=NO p<0.01
2009 Adult Male Gonadosomatic Index
Fecundity
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2006 2007 2008 2009
Return year
Fec
un
dit
ySH
NO
HC
3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3
loge(POHP)
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
loge(Fecundity)
HC
SH
HC ♀’s have 7% greater fecundityANCOVA equal means p=0.054
Fecundity vs POHP length 2008
Mean Egg Mass
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
2006 2007 2008 2009
Return year
Mea
n E
gg m
ass
(g)
SHNOHC
*
*
1.0 1.5 2.0
loge(♀ Body weight)
-1.9
-1.7
-1.5
-1.3
loge(Egg wt)
HC
SH
2008 Results:SH eggs are 9% larger than HC eggsANCOVA equality of means p=0.037
3.50 3.55 3.60 3.65
loge(Fork length)
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
loge(Fry Body wt)
NOSHHC
Origin
Fry Length at ponding BY08
ANCOVA equal slopes p<0.001
NOSH
HC
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
2007 2008 2009
Return year
Su
rviv
al e
yed
egg
sta
ge (
%)
Mean Survival to Eyed-egg Stage (+1 se)
HC
SH
NO
ANOVA 2-way Origin x Broodyear:HC significantly higher survival than SH p=0.046
Change in Body Wt At CESRFAdjusted for Holding Time and Initial Body Weight
2008 returns 2009 returns
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
HC SH NO HC SH NO HC SH NO HC SH NO
Delta Body Mass (kg)
Male
Female
a
a bb
aa
b
a
a
ba
a
b
Mini-jack/Precocious Male Production
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
BY 2002 BY 2003 BY 2004 BY 2005 BY 2006
Pre
-Rel
ease
Min
i-Ja
ck P
erce
ntag
e
BY 2007
Figure modified from Neeley, D. 2009. HxH vs NxN Comparison Draft Summary for Juvenile Traits.
SH - 1 gen domestication
HC - 2 gen domestication
*
**
*
Observations Phase 2
• Age 4 SH and HC fish have increased their growth rates more rapidly over time than NO fish and in 2009 were approximately equal in size to NO fish.
• Spawn timing of SH fish at CESRF was significantly earlier than NO fish, HC earlier than NO but too few data points at this time
• The more generations of domestication the less body mass lost during holding at CESRF
Observations – cont’d
• In a few return years gametic trait means were significantly affected by an additional generation of domestication
• Within certain years gametic traits exhibited significant differences such as:– The rate of gamete biomass production (kg eggs per cm
change in body length)
– The rate of egg production (# eggs per kg body growth)
– Milt production (GSI)
Observations – cont’d
• Survival to the eyed egg stage within the hatchery is greater for HC than SH fish
• The proportion of males maturing as precocious males was significantly reduced by an additional generation of domestication selecting against that life history type
• The proportion of males maturing as age 3 jacks was not different between HC and SH, but was greater than NO fish
Acknowledgements
• Yakama Nation Roza Adult Monitoring Facility Crew
• Cle Elum Supplementation Research Facility Crew
• WDFW Ecological Interactions Crew
• Bonneville Power Administration for providing funding
Questions?
Domestication• Domestication - Any genetic changes that result directly or indirectly
from human efforts to control the environment experienced by a population.
• Domestication selection - “any change in the selection regime of a cultured population relative to that experienced by the natural population”– Broodstock selection and holding– Mating practices– Incubation– Juvenile Rearing– Release
Waples, R. S. 1999. Dispelling some myths about hatcheries. Fisheries 24(2):12-21.