Post on 17-Dec-2015
transcript
Cyperus papyruspapyrus sedge
paper reed
• sedge family (Cyperaceae)
• ancient papermaking• native to Africa and SW Asia, e.g.,
Nile, Niger, & Euphrates rivers• thought to be the bulrush from story of
infant Moses
PoD:
Cyperus papyruspapyrus sedge
paper reed
• sedge family (Cyperaceae)• Thor Heyerdahl’s first “Ra” reed boat,
which didn’t quite cross the Atlantic Ocean
• papyrus now found in Americas and around Mediterranean (e.g., Sicily image above from 1901 "Sicily - John L. Stoddard's Lectures”)
• now rare in Nile Delta of Egypt
PoD:
Plants in material culturewood and fibers
http://rockglacier.blogspot.com/2008/10/tree-rings.html http://samuraiknitter.blogspot.com/2008/04/bast-fibers.html
Wood
• wood = secondary xylem of “dicots” [eudicots] and conifers– vascular cambium = “a lateral meristem capable of dividing to
produce additional xylem toward the inside of the stem and phloem toward the outside”
– growth rings from spring (fast) and summer (slow) growth
• stem of monocots with diffuse vascular bundles – palms, bamboo – grow vertically, no secondary radial growth
• banana “trees” – overlapping leaf bases form a false stem
Wood• wood = secondary
xylem of eudicots
Figures from Simpson and Conner-Ogorzaly 1986 Economic Botany – Plants in Our World (1st edition).
Wood
Figures from Simpson and Conner-Ogorzaly 1986 Economic Botany – Plants in Our World (1st edition).
• Arrangement of vascular bundles in eudicot and monocot stems. False stem of banana.
Fiber
• plant, animal, synthetic, semi-synthetic fibers– plant fiber of cellulose – heat OK, termites, mildew– animal fiber of protein – heat makes brittle, dyes
easily, but moths– cellulose-based semi-synthetics: rayon, cellophane,
acetate – petroleum-based synthetics: polyester, acrylic
Plant-based textile fibers
• seed and fruit fibers– cotton, coir
• hard, or leaf, fibers from monocot leaves– sisal, henequen, abaca, pineapple
• soft, or bast, fibers from eudicot stems– hemp, jute, ramie, linen
• Adapted from Simpson and Conner-Ogorzaly 1986 Economic Botany – Plants in Our World (1st edition).
Fiber classification by plant part• seed
– cotton Gossypium spp.• spinning only in “fibers that have structural properties that cause individual
strands to clasp one another when twisted.”– milkweed and kapok fibers too slippery to be spun
• fruit: coconut fiber (coir)• “hard” leaf fibers from monocots
• decorticating (crushing and scraping to remove non-fibrous material)– sisal and henequen Agave sisalana and A. fourcroydes – manila hemp, abaca Musa textilis
• “soft” bast fibers from phloem tissues of dicots• retting (bacterial rotting to separate fibers), skutching (beating and scraping
to remove woody matter), hackling (drawing across comb-like pins).– linen Linum usitatissimum– hemp Cannabis sativa– ramie Boehmeria nivea
Agave leaf fibers• Henequen from Agave fourcroydes• Sisal or sisal hemp from Agave
sisalana• Sisal was primary source of baling
twine before synthetics• Both native to Mexico & Central
America• Sisal now grown in Brasil and
various parts of Africa
• this Agave has a different purpose, what is it?
•(images from Wikipedia)
“Hard” leaf fibers from monocots
Agave sisalana cultivated in TanzaniaImage source: http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0009118
“Hard” leaf fibers from monocots
Agave sisalana cultivated in KenyaImage source: http://www.invasive.org/images/768x512/4320069.jpg / Kenneth M. Gale, , Bugwood.org
“Hard” leaf fibers from monocots
Musa textilis - Abacá
Hard fiber from leaf bases“Manila hemp” because of origin in PhilippinesFormerly used in rope, now used in teabags, some rope, and composites in auto industry
“Hard” leaf fibers from monocots
Flax / linen
bast fibers
Linum usitatissimumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/breeding/flax/
“Soft” bast fibers from eudicots
processing linen
• http://dohistory.org/diary/themes/textile/textile_illustration.html
retting (bacterial rotting to separate fibers), skutching (beating and scraping to remove woody matter), hackling (drawing across comb-like pins).
“Soft” bast fibers from eudicots
“Paper” currency
Currency paper is composed of 25% linen and 75% cotton. Red and blue synthetic fibers of various lengths are distributed evenly throughout the paper. Prior to World War I the fibers were made of silk.
Paper mulberry
Broussonetia papyrifera
Moraceae
http://www.konawaenahs.org/okinawa/samoan.gif