Dagoberto’s Grammar Book!

Buenos dias

El Presente

• presente = dropping inf and adding -ar -er or• Habitual actions or near-future actions• Mis padres me escriben son frecuencia”• “manana les mando una carta”

Stem changing verbz

• E -> ie • o -> ue • e -> I • u -> ue (jugar) • No stem change in nosotros or vosotros• Construir, destruir, incluir, y influir add y• Incluyo, incluyes, incluye, incluyen

D:

Irreg yo forms

• Many –er and –ir verbs have irreg yos• Cer or cir change to -zco• Ger or gir change to -jo• Several verbs have irregular –go endings and a

few have individual irregularities.• Some irreg yos stem change too• Where my –jo’s at?

Irreg verbs

• Dar = doy• Decir = digo• Estar = estoy• Ir = voy• Oir = oigo, oyes, oye, oyen

Ser y estar

• ESTAR: location or spatial relationships• Health• Physical state or condition• Emotional states• Certain weather expressions• Ongoing actions (progressive tenses)• Results of action (past participle)• “Lo-co,” temporary stuff

Ser y estar contd.

• Julio es alto = Julio is tall.• Que alta estas, Julio = Well shoot Julio, you sure is

gettin tall son!• Es vivo = sharp, quick-witted• Esta vivo = alive• Es libre = liberated• Esta libre = available to do something• Es listo = smart• Esta listo = ready Julio ->

Gustar + similar verbs

• Me gustan los aviones• Me gustas tu• Me gusta pizza• ALWAYS singular if followed by verbs• Me gusta cantar y bailar

Verbos como gustar

• Fascinar• Molestar• Doler (o -> ue)• Disgustar• Apetecer• Faltar• Quedar

Faltar y quedar• Faltar = lacks• Quedar = what someone has left, or how

clothing fits or looks• Me faltan las piernas• Le queda bien en esta camiseta

PreteritoSingular Plural

é amos

aste asteís

ó aron

Singular Plural

í imos

iste isteís

ió ieron

-ar

-ir

ImperfectoSingular Plural

aba ábamos

abas abaís

aba aban

Singular Plural

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

-ar

-ir

Diferencias!

• Imperfect is for habitual actions in the past, or past actions with no definite beginning or end.

• Hablaba con mi amigo mucho ayer• Also…• Age – cuando tenía 3 años• Time – Eran las ocho y media

Diferencias!

• Preterite is for completed actions in the past• Look for • Fui a Target ayer• Dí un regalo a mi hermano la semana pasada

porque fue su cumpleaños• Look for words like ayer, anoche, and la ___

pasada. They signal preterite!

PrEsEnT sUbJuNcTiVeSubjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain,

hypothecital-ar: e, es, e, emos, en-er: a, as, a, amos, an

pReSeNt SuBjUnCtIvEW wishing / wantingE emotions

D doubtD disbeliefI Impersonal Expressions (es bueno que…)N negationG God / grief

irregsTener (tenga)Venir (venga)Dar (de)Ir (vaya)Saber (sepa)Haber (haya)Estar (este)Ser (sea)

Verbs of Will and InfluenceSugerir – to suggestAconsejar – to adviseImportar – to be important, to matterInsistir – to insistMandar – orderProhibir – to prohibitRecomendar – to recommendRogar – to beg, to plead

Expressions of emotionsAlegrarse – to be happyEsperar – to hope, to wishSentir – to be sorry, to regretSorprender – to surpriseTemer – to be afear’dEs triste – it’s sadOjala – I hope (that) I wish (that)

Doubt, Disbelief, and DenialDudar – to doubtNegar – (e-ie) to denyEs imposible – it’s impossibleEs Improbable – it’s improbableNo es cierto / verdad – it’s not certain / trueNo es seguro – it’s not certain

Object pronounsHay direct object pronounsIndirect object pronouns TO or FOR whomY double object pronouns!

IOPsCarla siempre me da boletos para el cine.Carla always gives me movie tickets.Ella los consigue gratis.She gets em for free.

Direct OPsDebes pedirle el dinero de la apuesta.Le debes pedir el dinero de la apuesta.^ Both are correctLo is genderless (like “it”)

Double OPsPrecedes direct op when they are used

togetherMe mandaron los boletos por correo.Me los mandaron por correo.If Le + La or Le +Lo, one turns to seLe damos las revistas a Ricardo. = Se las

damos

Prep. pronounsMi, ti, usted, el/ella/si (him/her/itself), nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ustedes, ellos/ellas/si (themselves)Que opinas de ella?Ay, mi amor, solo pienso en ti?

Prep. Pronouns contd.A + prep pronouns = mas emphasisio!A mi me gusta papas fritas

Si mismo = himself, Mi mismo = myselfWhen mi ti and si are used w con, they

MAGICALLY MORPH into conmigo, contigo, y consigo!

When these palabras show up, use tu y yo instead of mi and ti:

Entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, y some other word I didn’t get

Tu = simply drop the “s”

Irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon,

sal, se, ten, ven

Usted(es) = yo form w opposite vowelIrregulares: TVDISHES

Tu = yo form w opposite vowel, add “s”Irregulares = TVDISHES

Usted(es) = samesiesssss!!!

!^Irregulares =

TVDISHES

DOPs and IOPs + se can attach to affirmative

Affirmative = upNegative = down

DOPs and IOPs + se must go before negative

Mono verbs

Let’s sit down = sentemos + nos Sentemonos Vayamos Vamanos

Futuro

Endings (all the same):

Singular Plural

É Emos

Ás

Á Án

Futuro- Irregulars

Caber – Cabr- Haber – Habr- Poder – Podr- Saber – Sabr- Poner – Pondr-

Salir – Saldr- Tener – Tendr- Valer – Valdr- Venir – Vendr- Decir – Dir- Hacer – Har- Querer – Querr-

Condicional

Used to express what would happen if something else happened

Also used to ask a question politely

Me gustaria doce tacos, por favor.

Condicional

Endings: also all the same, and have the same irregular stems as el futuro

Singular Plural

Ía Íamos

Ías

Ía Ían

Pronombres Relativos

Que, el/la que, el/le cual, quien/quienes, cuyo

Que- people or things Quien- people Que is used with “el” or “la” after a

preposition Cual is used in formal settings or when

referring to specific things Cuyo is used for “whose”

The Neuter Lo

Lo ____ (masculine singular adjective) “Lo que” used like “That which,” Lo is also used to express the most or the

least of something Lo mas, lo mejor Lo menos, lo peor Lo is ALSO used figuratively-ish to say “the

____ part” (like the best part or the worst part)

Lo importante es que estamos juntos.

Subjunctivo in Noun Clauses

Used when a subordinate clause is uncertain

Also used in cases when the antecedent is a

negative pronoun

Present Perfect

Used to express what has recently happened

Uses present conjugation of “haber” and a past participle

-ar verbs become –ado -ir verbs become –ido

Ex: he aprendido mucho Espanol el mi escuela.

Present Perfect: Past Par. Irregs.

Abrir – abierto Cubrir – cubierto Decir – dicho Escribir – escrito Hacer – hecho Morir – muerto Poner – puesto Resolver – resuelto Romper – roto Ver – visto Volver - vuelto