Post on 10-Jun-2015
transcript
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Data needs for measuring impacts on women’s assets and asset disparities
Nancy Johnson
Agnes Quisumbing
INTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Content
I. Defining asset-related impact indicators
II. Collecting gender disaggregated data on assets
I. Defining Indicators
Project proposes to measure impacts on
• Women’s assets
• Men’s assets
• Gender asset disparities
Need to specify what we mean by
• Assets
• “Women’s” assets (assets belonging to women and/or men)
• Asset disparities
• Changes in assets and asset disparities
Page 4
From capitals to assets
Broad definition of assets to include:
Natural capital
Physical capital
Financial capital
Human capital
Social capital
Political capital
Physical capital
Natural capital
Same asset, many capitals
Implications
Can’t possibly cover all assets so need to think carefully about which ones really matter, given the context and the objectives of the intervention being evaluated.
What does it mean to “own” an asset?
Use rights
Types of ownership
Decision rights
Use rights
Access
Extraction
Commercial exploitation
Decision rights
Management
Exclusion
Alienation
Claims to rights come from multiple sources, and can overlap and change
Sources and security of rights
Implications
Easy to focus on (and measure) “decision” rights but in some cases “access” rights can be important
For certain kinds of assets (eg land) may need to include type and security of rights along with quantity and value of asset as part of the indicator
• Contextual
information on sources of rights and what can strengthen and weaken them is important for evaluating projects (implementing them!)
Types of owners
Individuals
Partners (joint)
Groups (collective)
Implications
Need to include joint ownership option in surveys but it may need to be qualified
Some collectively-owned assets can be “individualized” but others not
How to measure assets & asset changes
Quantity/quality of specific asset(s)
Assets index
Value of assets
Type or security of rights
Asset disparities
Disparity is the ratio of women’s assets to men’s assets
How can the disparity be reduced?
• Increase women’s assets
• Decrease men’s assets
• Increase both, but women’s more
But remember, changes in rights is not always zero-sum
II. Methods for collecting gender-disaggregated asset data
Multiple methods, data sources and sequencing
Baseline surveys
Field implementation issues
Page 21
Data collection: national and community level
• Use of existing national-level data (DHS, national statistics), administrative data, existing studies
• Focus groups at community level, for example to get at local norms
Page 22
Quantitative methods: household level
Household and individual surveys, particularly panel surveys
Take advantage of existing gender-disaggregated data sets and build a panel
Page 23
Qualitative methods
Ethnography, case studies, life histories
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Q-squared: Integrated qual and quant
Sequenced and integrated qualitative and quantitative data analysis
• For example, quantitative surveys can be used to draw up the sampling frame for the life histories work or FGDs
How can questionnaire modules can be designed to look at asset accumulation from a gender perspective?
In what topics can data collection can be gender-disaggregated?
How can the same basic question (say, control of land and assets) be adapted to specific contexts, using survey modules on the same topic, but administered in different settings?
What issues of survey implementation are important?
What does a baseline questionnaire look like?Where can we insert/modify modules to look at
gender issues in a standard household survey?
Basic baseline information: in RED
Typical module with gender-disaggregated info ALWAYS collected: purple cells
Gender-disaggregated info SOMETIMES collected: orange cells
Specialized module with gender-disaggregated info ALWAYS collected: green cells
Basic and Extended Questionnaire Design of Socio-economic modules
Module Basic? Gender-
disaggregated
information?
About which hh member?
A Roster—very important, since all
Ids in subsequent modules will
come from here
Yes Yes All!
B Education of head and
household members
Yes Yes All
C Nonfood consumption Depends
on focus of
survey, but
ideal
Partly (clothing,
footwear)
All (typically collected at hh
level)
D Food consumption No (but see
section on
nutrition
modules)
All (typically collected at hh
level)
Contents of a household roster
ID Name Sex Age Reln to
head
Marital
Status
Education Main
occupat
ion
1
2
3
4
5
You can also add columns on literacy, migration status, etc.
Socio-economic modules (cont’d)
Module Basic? Gender-
disaggregate
d
information?
Which hh member?
E Land area and crops grown Yes Yes ID of person who manages the plot
ID of plot owner, if different from
manager
F Major Crop Production Yes, if
ag
survey
Yes ID of plot manager (household
member)
G Agricultural Wage Labor Possibl
y
Yes ID of laborer
H Other Income Possibl
y
Yes ID of people with other incomes,
businesses, ID of people sending
and receiving remittances
Socio-economic modules (cont’d)
Module Baseli
ne?
Gender-
disaggregate
d?
Which hh member?
J Assets Ideall
y
Yes ID of asset owner
K Group Membership Ideall
y
Yes ID of group member
L Savings Possi
ble
Yes ID of account owner
M Credit and Lending Ideall
y
Yes ID of borrower
Additional consumption, health, and nutrition-related modules
Module Baseline? Gender-disaggregated? Which hh member?
N 24-hour individual food
recall
Depends
on purpose
of survey
Yes all
O Dietary diversity Depends
on purpose
of survey
Yes all
P Reproductive health Depends
on purpose
of survey
Yes Women
Q Anthropometry and
morbidity
Ideally Yes all
Some of these indicators are more expensive to collect (e.g. 24-hour individual food recall) and will require highly trained enumerators.Sometimes a good dietary diversity survey will do the trick.
Additional gender-related modules
Module Baseline? Gender-disaggregated? Which hh member?
R Labor use and time use by
gender
Yes Yes Main male and female,
could also include children
depending on focus
S Domains of decisionmaking
authority, especially about
assets
Yes Yes Main male and female
T Control of cash income and
use of income
Yes Yes Main male and female
U Level of gender-related
conflict and violence
Ideally Typically only woman is
asked
Main woman
Caveat in fielding questions about domestic violence: Need to have trained enumerators with knowledge about services availableNeed to protect privacy of respondents and not subject them to greater risk
Engendering the asset module (simple)
ID of owner
ID of decisionmakeron sales
Asset (g)Number
ownedID of owner
ID of
decisionmaker for
sale
Animal
Cattle
Horses
Sheep/goats
Poultry
Pigs
Domestic assets
Cooker
Kitchen cupboard
Refrigerator
Radio
Television
DVD player
Cell phone
Chairs
Mosquito nets
Gas stove
Spades/shovels
Ploughs
What do you do when you don’t have a baseline?
Collect information on outcomes that are easy to recall and “lumpy,” such as land and assets, and do this retrospectively
Rely on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods
Use the appropriate impact measurement techniques
Field implementation issues
Who should be interviewed? “head of household?”
Should the head of household answer for all household members?
Different people will report different things—need to reconcile
Field implementation issues, cont’d
Privacy important, but especially important for asset issues (hidden assets)
Should field teams employ men and women? Examples:
• Pakistan and Bangladesh surveys have teams of men and women
• Surveys in the Philippines almost always employ women (trust and safety issues)
• Surveys in Guatemala City employ women to interviewer (safety issues)
• Most interviewers in our other surveys are men (small cadre of women to draw on)
Need to train and employ skilled qualitative field personnel
Concluding remarks
Context, context, context
Identify focus of study to avoid getting lost in details
Mixed methods: hh survey should ideally be informed by qualitative work; quantitative and qualitative work can be iterative
Learn from experience of others in the field, especially in the same country