Post on 12-Sep-2021
transcript
David Ball
David Ball Consulting
Disruptive technologies
Open Access
Open Access as a disruptive technology
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Interlend 2006
Terminally ILL?
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2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 20010/11
Mean (UK) 4113 3701 3294 2787 2462
Change -412 -407 -507 -325
Over 4 years
-40%
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2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 20010/11
Mean (UK) 4113 3701 3294 2787 2462
Change -412 -407 -507 -325
Over 4 years
-40%
Year on year
-10% -11% -15% -12%
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Sustaining technologies
Improve performance of existing products
Disruptive technologies
Under-perform existing products (good enough)
Different features attractive to fringe customers
Cheaper, simpler, smaller, easier to use
Transform the market
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Cheap analogue cameras; revenue from consumables
Invested in digital imaging research, but did not change from analogue
Missed possibilities of ICT:
Desktops and broadband enable mass digital market and put user in control
Finished up producing PC printers – kept the business model, lost the world market
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Registration: to provide a time stamp to establish paternity
Certification or validation: to provide a stamp of quality, generally through peer review
Awareness: distribution/access
Archiving: preservation
Traditional publishing (print or electronic) subsumes the first 3 functions in publication
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Of the four functions OA is only about access, secondarily about timing
OA is neutral/agnostic about peer review/QA, copyright, etc.
Perfectly hospitable to the practices of traditional journal publishing
But it does enable new approaches and practices
Bears the seeds of change
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By "open access" to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2002
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BOAI:
Access
Wide-ranging rights of use, reproduction, exploitation
Communist Manifesto
Peter Suber:
OA literature is “digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions”
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Context: intellectual property law offers limited “fair dealing” or “fair use” exemptions
Gratis OA is free of charge to access but subject to the limits of fair dealing; removes toll barriers but not permission barriers
Libre OA is both free of charge and free of at least some legal and licensing restrictions; removes toll barriers and at least some permission barriers; Creative Commons
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Green OA is delivered through self-archiving authors deposit manuscripts in repositories
institutional repositories aim to capture all the articles produced by a particular institution
disciplinary repositories aim to capture all the articles in a particular discipline
Gold OA is delivered through journals these may be completely OA or hybrid, where some
articles are OA and others toll access
Both Green and Gold OA are gratis. Green OA generally is only gratis; Gold OA may be libre
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Relies on a recent but well established infrastructure of repositories
Easy and cheap (£6-15?): each article only incurs a very small portion of the overhead costs of setting up and running repositories.
Does not incur the overheads of peer-review
Deposited articles may be, most often have been, peer-reviewed for publication in TA journals
Rides on the back of TA journals?
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Is compatible with subscription journal publishing: scholars can publish in TA journals, for instance where
these are of particularly high repute
through self-archiving, they still make their articles OA
embargo period imposed by publishers
Depends on authors’ obtaining rights from publishers to deposit and make articles available
Is hospitable to many other types of document, notably pre-prints (which provide the time-stamp noted at the start of this presentation), theses, and research datasets
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Offers articles, in both OA and hybrid journals, that are peer-reviewed for publication
Incurs the same costs for the editorial and peer review process as TA journal publishing
Is always immediate, while Green OA is often subject to time embargoes imposed by subscription journal publishers
Provides access to the published version of an article
Generally obtains rights and permissions direct from the rights-holder (usually the author)
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A product of the latest ICT revolution
Impossible to predict impact
A disruptive technology?
Fast and fundamental change
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“Pioneering Years” (1993 to 1999) Individuals or small groups, simple technologies
By 1999, 741 journals published 35,519 articles?
“Innovation Years” (2000 to 2004) BioMed Central and PLOS: viability and high quality
By 2004, 2,837 journals published 90,720 articles, an increase of 155%
“Consolidation Years” (2005 to 2009) Open source publishing software, DOAJ, Creative
Commons
2009 4,767 journals published 191,851 articles, an increase of 111%
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Gold
Currently small percentage of total, but growing
Straight-line growth: 25% of articles within 10 years?
Disruptive technology - 60% within 10 years?
Journal growth in developing countries
Green
Repositories – 25m items? 38m items?
Google Scholar
Resource discovery systems
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A clear policy direction should be set towards support for publication in open access or hybrid journals, funded by APCs, as the main vehicle for the publication of research, especially when it is publicly funded
The Research Councils and other public sector bodies funding research in the UK should … establish more effective and flexible arrangements to meet the costs of publishing in open access and hybrid journals
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During the period of transition to open access publishing worldwide, in order to maximise access in the HE and health sectors to journals and articles produced by authors in the UK and from across the world that are not accessible on open access terms, funds should be found to extend and rationalise current licences to cover all the institutions in those sectors
The infrastructure of subject and institutional repositories should be developed so that they play a valuable role complementary to formal publishing, particularly in providing access to research data and to grey literature, and in digital preservation.
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Austria 1 (100%)
Canada 4 (31%)
Germany 1 (50%)
Hungary 2 (100%)
Netherlands 1 (100%)
Sweden 5 (100%)
UK 2 (4%)
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Citation advantage Difficult to measure
Clear indication of some advantage (Swan 2010b)
Publication of associated data-sets is advantageous
Variance across disciplines
Quality APC-funded OA at 70% of impact factor of toll
access
OA and TA journals founded since 2002 have similar impact
Variance across disciplines
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Gold standard of research – yet problems - MMR
OA provides free access to research, not access to articles free of peer review
No longer needed to ration scarce space
New models Light initial touch
Debate by scholarly community
Dynamic content
Publication of data, overlay journals, social media…
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OA is dynamic - fosters: Ease of collaboration
Speed of dissemination
Debate
Datasets
Facilitates scholarly monograph publishing University presses
New business models - Knowledge Unlatched
The characteristics of a disruptive technology – moving from a niche for geeks to mainstream, because it has unforeseen potential to transform research
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David Ball Consulting
davidball1611@gmail.com
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