Post on 26-Mar-2015
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Decline of the Ottoman Decline of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire
The Sick Man of EuropeThe Sick Man of Europe
Chapter 26Chapter 26
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions How did the military defeats of the 1700s signal How did the military defeats of the 1700s signal
the decay of the Ottoman Empire?the decay of the Ottoman Empire? What were some of the reasons for internal What were some of the reasons for internal
decay?decay? How did Sultan’s attempt to reform?How did Sultan’s attempt to reform? How did revolts and rebellions lead to further How did revolts and rebellions lead to further
disintegrationdisintegration What was the significance of the Eastern What was the significance of the Eastern
question?question? What was the Balkan Crisis of 1876-1878?What was the Balkan Crisis of 1876-1878? How did World War I lead to the empire’s fall?How did World War I lead to the empire’s fall?
Ottoman Empire in early 1700sOttoman Empire in early 1700s
Military Defeats of the 1700sMilitary Defeats of the 1700s
1683: defeat after the siege of Vienna shows 1683: defeat after the siege of Vienna shows Ottoman weaknessOttoman weakness
Christian forces carve away at Ottoman landsChristian forces carve away at Ottoman lands Treaties of Karlowitz (1699) and Passarowitz Treaties of Karlowitz (1699) and Passarowitz
(1718) strip Ottoman of Hungary and (1718) strip Ottoman of Hungary and TransylvaniaTransylvania
Lose land in 1710s to Peter the Great Lose land in 1710s to Peter the Great Lose Crimea (Balkan Peninsula) to Catherine Lose Crimea (Balkan Peninsula) to Catherine
the Great in late 1700sthe Great in late 1700s
Signs of Internal DecaySigns of Internal Decay
Poor rulers and weak corrupt governmentPoor rulers and weak corrupt governmentSultans want to modernize face opposition Sultans want to modernize face opposition
from influential old groups and clericsfrom influential old groups and clericsJanissary army becomes outdated and Janissary army becomes outdated and
refuse to changerefuse to changeSultan Selim III assassinated by Sultan Selim III assassinated by
Janissaries in 1807 after attempting to Janissaries in 1807 after attempting to modernize army and navymodernize army and navy
General lack of interest in industrializationGeneral lack of interest in industrialization Minority groups such as Christians and Jews Minority groups such as Christians and Jews
carry out trade with the westcarry out trade with the west Competition with West Competition with West decline of local decline of local
artisansartisans
Attempts at ReformAttempts at Reform
Sultans modernize and secularize Sultans modernize and secularize government bureaucracygovernment bureaucracy
Boost western ideas, science and Boost western ideas, science and technologytechnology
Sometimes meet resistance from the Sometimes meet resistance from the clergyclergy
Mahmud II (1808-1839)Mahmud II (1808-1839)
Built a small professional Built a small professional armyarmy
Tricks Janissaries into Tricks Janissaries into revoltingrevolting
Crushes rebellion and Crushes rebellion and disbands Janissary corpsdisbands Janissary corps
Gets control over AyanGets control over Ayan Begins policy of Begins policy of
westernizationwesternization
Mehmed IIIMehmed III
1820s: assists Mahumd II1820s: assists Mahumd IICreates professional armyCreates professional armySubdues JanissariesSubdues JanissariesBuilds modern navyBuilds modern navy
Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876
1839-18761839-1876Westernization of educationWesternization of education Introduces western communication Introduces western communication
systemssystemsWestern style laws and constitutionWestern style laws and constitutionSome increased rights for women, some Some increased rights for women, some
women enter public lifewomen enter public life
Revolts and RebellionsRevolts and Rebellions
Further weaken and cut away at the Further weaken and cut away at the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
Revolts and RebellionsRevolts and Rebellions
1820 Greek Revolution: Greece gains 1820 Greek Revolution: Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empireindependence from the Ottoman Empire
1867 Serbs gain independence1867 Serbs gain independenceDynasty begins to feel increasingly Dynasty begins to feel increasingly
threatened by westernized bureaucrats, threatened by westernized bureaucrats, professionals and military officersprofessionals and military officers
Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) last Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) last sultansultan
Attempts return to despotic absolutism, Attempts return to despotic absolutism, nullifies constitution and decreases civil nullifies constitution and decreases civil rightsrights
Continues to adopt western tech and Continues to adopt western tech and militarymilitary
Forced out with bloodless coupForced out with bloodless coup
The Eastern QuestionThe Eastern Question
How should Western European rulers deal How should Western European rulers deal with the Ottoman Empire?with the Ottoman Empire?
No longer a threatNo longer a threatHeld together volatile parts of Asia and Held together volatile parts of Asia and
EuropeEuropeHeld important place geographically Held important place geographically
between Mediterranean Sea and Indian between Mediterranean Sea and Indian OceanOcean
Worry that collapse will destroy Europe’s Worry that collapse will destroy Europe’s delicate Balance of Powerdelicate Balance of Power
Western nations especially nervous about Western nations especially nervous about increasing Austrian and Russian powerincreasing Austrian and Russian power
Britain and France support Turks against Britain and France support Turks against Russia and Austria even as they take over Russia and Austria even as they take over parts of the empireparts of the empire
Eastern Question in CartoonsEastern Question in Cartoons
Attendant. Attendant. "How do you feel after your bath, my Lord?""How do you feel after your bath, my Lord?"LORD B.LORD B. "Pretty comfortable, thank you!—(Aside. Lost some weight, "Pretty comfortable, thank you!—(Aside. Lost some weight, I fancy.) —You made it so confoundedly HOT for me!!!" I fancy.) —You made it so confoundedly HOT for me!!!"
< < The Turkish bathThe Turkish bath / John Tenniel. / John Tenniel. InIn: : PunchPunch (7 Oct 1876) (7 Oct 1876)Gladstone tried to influence Government policy on the Eastern Question Gladstone tried to influence Government policy on the Eastern Question
by appealing directly to the public, both on the platform and through by appealing directly to the public, both on the platform and through the press, on behalf of the Bulgarian victims of Turkish persecution. the press, on behalf of the Bulgarian victims of Turkish persecution.
Eastern Question in CartoonsEastern Question in Cartoons
The Status QuoThe Status Quo
Turkey: Turkey: Will you still Will you still
Befriend me?Befriend me?
Britannia: Britannia: Befriend You?-Befriend You?-
Not with your hands Not with your hands
That colour!That colour!
The Crimean WarThe Crimean War
1854-18561854-1856Britain and France support Ottmans in war Britain and France support Ottmans in war
against Russian expansion into Black seaagainst Russian expansion into Black seaCostly war with over 250,000 casualtiesCostly war with over 250,000 casualtiesDefeat Russia’s forces but shows Defeat Russia’s forces but shows
weakness of Ottoman Empireweakness of Ottoman Empire
British Attitude of the Crimean WarBritish Attitude of the Crimean War
How Jack Made the Turk Usefula at How Jack Made the Turk Usefula at Balaclaya (1856, John Leech in Balaclaya (1856, John Leech in Punch)Punch)
As is that weren’t bad enough…As is that weren’t bad enough…
Construction of Suez Canal in 1869 Construction of Suez Canal in 1869 increases geographic importance of Egyptincreases geographic importance of Egypt
Unification of Italy in 1860s adds another Unification of Italy in 1860s adds another power into the Mediterraneanpower into the Mediterranean
Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria struggle for greater autonomystruggle for greater autonomy
Balkan Crisis of 1876-1878Balkan Crisis of 1876-1878
Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia rise upSerbia rise up
Turks suppress rebellion ruthlesslyTurks suppress rebellion ruthlesslyRussia attacks in 1877, and defeats in Russia attacks in 1877, and defeats in
18781878Congress of Berlin of 1878 presided over Congress of Berlin of 1878 presided over
by Bismarck gives Montenegro, Romania, by Bismarck gives Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia independenceBulgaria, and Serbia independence
The Rise of the Young TurksThe Rise of the Young Turks
Ottoman Society for Ottoman Society for Union and Progress Union and Progress a.k.a. Young Turks a.k.a. Young Turks formed in Paris 1889formed in Paris 1889Goal: restore the Goal: restore the
constitution of 1876constitution of 1876Successful in 1908Successful in 1908
Problems 1908-1914Problems 1908-1914
Division between military leaders Division between military leaders fightingfighting
Young Turks struggle to keep empire Young Turks struggle to keep empire togethertogether
Increasing Arab nationalism Increasing Arab nationalism more loss more loss of landof land
Balkan Wars & World War IBalkan Wars & World War I
1911-1912Italy attacks Ottoman and takes 1911-1912Italy attacks Ottoman and takes control of remaining land in North Africacontrol of remaining land in North Africa
First Balkan War of 1912: Greece, Serbia, and First Balkan War of 1912: Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria defeat Ottoman forcesBulgaria defeat Ottoman forces
During WWI join the Central powers and are During WWI join the Central powers and are defeated in 1918defeated in 1918
Empire collapses, remaining middle eastern Empire collapses, remaining middle eastern possessions rebel and are taken over by Britain possessions rebel and are taken over by Britain and Franceand France
Modern State of Turkey formed in 1920sModern State of Turkey formed in 1920s
Ottoman Empire during WWIOttoman Empire during WWI
Change Over TimeChange Over Time
Discuss in detail the internal and external Discuss in detail the internal and external forces that led to the decline of the forces that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire between 1689 and 1918Ottoman Empire between 1689 and 1918Be sure to include (see rubric!)Be sure to include (see rubric!)
A strong thesis statementA strong thesis statementHistorical evidence of changeHistorical evidence of changeAnalysis of both internal and external Analysis of both internal and external
causes of declinecauses of decline