Post on 10-Jan-2016
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Depleted Uranium (DU)
Herkomst
[Civiele en] Militaire Toepassingen
Kernketen
uraniumverrijking
• Verrijking van het splijtbare isotoop U235 in natuurlijk uranium
• Meest gebruikt: ultracentrifuge en gasdiffusie
• Uranium hexafluoride (UF6) of Hex
• Product: verrijkt uranium (LEU)
• Bijproduct: verarmd uranium (DU)
ultracentrifuge
A schematic diagram of the cross section of a single gas centrifuge. The rotating cylinder forces the heavier U-238 atoms towards the outside of the centrifuge while leaving the lighter U-235 more towards the middle.
Uranium
Weight % U-238 U-235 U-234
Natural Uranium
99.284 0.711 0.0053
Depleted Uranium
99.8 0.2 0.0006
LEU
(LWRs)
96.471 3.5 0.029
DUF6
DUF6 Storage in Siberia
SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL FORMS OF DU, OF TRU WASTE, AND OF TYPICAL URANIUM ORE WITH 0.2% NATURAL URANIUM
BY WEIGHT
Chemical form Specific activity, nCi/gm
uranium metal (DU) 400
uranium dioxide (DUO2) 350
uranium oxide (DU3O8) 340
transuranic activity in TRU or
GTCC waste1 >100
0.2% uranium ore 42 1 Slight differences between the U.S. EPA’s definition of TRU waste and NRC’s definition of GTCC (Greater Than Class
C) waste as it relates to transuranic radionuclides are not material to this discussion because DU is comparable to either one.
2 The specific activity shown for 0.2% uranium ore includes all decay products of uranium-238 up to and including radium-226, assuming they are in secular equilibrium with uranium-238. Radon-222 and its decay products are not included in this number. All values in the table are given in round numbers.
World DU Inventory
Country Organization DU Stocks (in tonnes)
Reported
United States DOE 480,000 2002
Russia FAEA 460,000 1996
France COGEMA 190,000 2001
United Kingdom BNFL 30,000 2001
Germany Urenco 16,000 1999
Japan JNFL 10,000 2001
China CNNC 2,000 2000
South Korea KAERI 200 2002
South Africa NECSA 73 2001
TOTAL 1,188,273
Gebruik DU-metaal
• Civiele Toepassingen
• Militaire Toepassingen
Hoge dichtheid: 19.05 g/cm3
Bijna twee maal zo hoog als die van lood
Civiel gebruik
Contragewichten / Balansgewichten
vliegtuigen, zeilboten, vorkheftrucks, kranen Gewichten
olieboren, gyroscooprotoren
Bouwmateriaal
soort beton: DUcrete
Beschermingsplaten tegen Röntgenstraling
Vaatwanden van vaten voor KSA / hoog actief afval
Militair gebruik
• Antitankgranaten
gevechtstoestellen / -voertuigen: 25mm, 30mm
MBT tanks: 105mm, 120mm, 125mm
• Gemonteerd in bepantsering van pantservoertuigen / tanks
M1A1 Tank
Challenger Tank
Leclerc Tank
Kinetic Energy Penetrator [1]
• Dwarsdoorsnede van een 120mm antitankgranaat
Kinetic Energy Penetrator [2]
• In vlucht naar een gepantserd doel, waarbij de ‘sabot’ verloren gaat
Bradley Fighting Vehicle
LAV-25
Harrier AV-8B
A-10 grondaanvalstoestel
A-10 toestel vuurt 30mm DU antitankgranaten op een tank
DU Use in the Balkans
Bosnia 1994/1995 (Sarajevo)10,800 rounds (DoD, Jan 4, 2001)2927 kg of DU Major focus: around Sarajevo
Kosovo 199931,000 rounds (NATO, Feb 7, 2000)8401 kg of DUMajor focus: an area west of the Pec-Dakovica-Prizren highway, in the
area surrounding Klina, in the area around Prizren and in an area to the north of a line joining Suva Reka and Urosevac
DU Use in the Balkans (2)
Southern Serbia Presevo161 rounds (local reports, Dec 11, 2006)Cleanup operations costs: € 350,000 (Xinhua, Dec 12, 2006)Borovac 44 DU rounds (AP Dec. 13, 2005)Bratoselce 100 kg of DU in soil; 2.5 tons of contaminated earth stored in the Vinca institute's facilitiesCleanup costs: 15 million dinars (US$ 260,000).(Serbian Government Nov. 10, 2003)MontenegroCape Arza on Lustica Peninsula 242 whole DU penetrators and 49 fragments (75 kg of uranium) were found and disposed of
safely. Approximately 7 tons of contaminated material (aluminium jackets, soil, pieces of rocks, dead leaves and needles) were also removed. (IRPA 11, Madrid, Spain, 23-28 May 2004)
Analyse DU-munitie Balkan
• Sporen gevonden van U-236, Pu, Co-60, and Cs-137 in DU
• Oorzaak: DU was van verrijkingsfabrieken, die gebruikt werden voor het verrijken van opgewerkt uranium
DU Ammunition Used in the 1991 Gulf War
Branch Weapon System
Ammo Size Quantity of DU rounds
Weight of DU (kg)
US Army M1 tank
M1A1 tank
105mm
120mm
504
9,048
1,930
37,293
US Air Force
A-10 jet
A-16 jet
30mm
30mm
782,514
1,000
236,319
302
US Marine Corps
AV-8B Harrier
M60A3, M1A1
25mm
105, 120mm
67,436
unknown
9,981
unknown
US Navy Phalanx Gun 20mm unknown unknown
UK Navy Challenger tank 120 mm 88 408
Totals Tanks 9,640
Jets 850,950
Tanks 39,631
Jets 246,602
Total 286,233
Jefferson Proving Ground
1983 – 1994: 100,000 kg of DU penetrators
Estimation cleanup costs: US$45 m - US$1.613 b
Removal contaminated soil: US$1.365 b
Off-site disposal: US$111 m
Source: “Decommissioning Plan for License Sub-1435 - Jefferson Proving Ground [JPG], Madison, Indiana. Submitted by the U.S. Army's Soldier and Biological and Chemical Command to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), June, 2002
Limit of DU-oxides intake
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission: inhaling 10 mg can cause health problems
The United Kingdom: 8 mg is harmful for workers in the nuclear industry
more than 2 mg is unacceptable for the general public
The WHO estimates: daily intake of 0.6 microgram per kilogram body weight
(daily limit of 40 microgram for a person of 68 kg)
For comparison: one 120mm DU antitank shell after impact on a hard target can disperse 950 gram of DU oxides and a 30mm one of an A-10 96 gram
Pathways of DU in human body
• schematic overviews are out of date
• Important scientific research omitted on cell level: e.g. bystander effect