Post on 13-May-2018
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Concept of D (Drivers) – P (Pressures) – S (State) –I (Impact) – R (Response) Framework as a tool forenvironmental management and policy
development
• Description of the DPSIR
• Examples of the DPSIR implementation – LOICZ program
Socio-Economic DRIVERS (t 1- n)•Urbanisation and Transport/Trade•Agriculture, Land Use Change,•Fisheries, Aquaculture,•Industrial and Tourism
Socio-Economic DRIVERS (t 1- n)•Urbanisation and Transport/Trade•Agriculture, Land Use Change,•Fisheries, Aquaculture,•Industrial and Tourism
Environmental PRESSURES (t 1- n)•Land Conversions and Reclamation.•Dredging, Oil/Gas Extraction.•Waste Disposal in coastal water.•Water Abstraction. Drainage network and •Estuarine and Coastline Engineering, •Dams, Barriers and Barrages.
Environmental PRESSURES (t 1- n)•Land Conversions and Reclamation.•Dredging, Oil/Gas Extraction.•Waste Disposal in coastal water.•Water Abstraction. Drainage network and •Estuarine and Coastline Engineering, •Dams, Barriers and Barrages.
Policy RESPONSE (t 1- n)Policy RESPONSE (t 1- n) Environmental STATE Change (t 1- n)Flux Changes of C, N, P, Toxins, Sediments and Water through Basins and Coastal Zones causing• Eutrophication/Pollution, Erosion• Loss of habitats and Biological Diversity,
Environmental STATE Change (t 1- n)Flux Changes of C, N, P, Toxins, Sediments and Water through Basins and Coastal Zones causing• Eutrophication/Pollution, Erosion• Loss of habitats and Biological Diversity,
IMPACTS (t 1 - n)Change in Ecosystem Processes and Functions leads to impacts on human welfare via changes in•productivity, •health, amenity and existence •value changes.
IMPACTS (t 1 - n)Change in Ecosystem Processes and Functions leads to impacts on human welfare via changes in•productivity, •health, amenity and existence •value changes.
Natural forcing:• Climate Change • Coastal ProcessesVariability
•Integrated Modelling, •Scaling•Scenario Building•Habitat assessment
LOICZ input: •Validation of Stake-holder Gains/Losses
•Validation of Response •Scenarios/Options•Decision Support
ICZM
take
s pl
ace
here
LOICZ Models:•Flux C, N, P, Sedim.•Geomorphologic change•Indicators for Loads, Environ. Functions
•Typology Database•Scaling Tools•Spatial coverage•Network links
The Global Coastal Ocean: A Narrow, Uneven, Chemically Reactive “Ribbon”
Most net biogeochemical reaction is thought to occur in the landward, estuarine, portion of the ribbon.
Most materials entering the ocean from land pass through this ribbon.
LAND
OCEAN
This ribbon is ~ 500,000 km long and averages about 50 km in width.
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Gas regulation
Climate regulation
Disturbance regulation
Water regulation
Water supply
Erosion control and sediment retention
Soil formation
Nutrient cycling
Waste treatment
Pollination
Biological control
Refugia
Food production
Raw materials
Genetic resources
Recreation
Cultural
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS
Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition.
Regulation of global temperature, precipitation, and other biologically mediatedclimatic processes at global, regional, or local levels. Capacitance, damping and integrity of ecosystem response to environmental fluctuations. Regulation of hydrological flows.
Storage and retention of water.
Retention of soil within an ecosystem.
Soil formation processes.
Storage, internal cycling, processing, and acquisition of nutrients.
Recovery of mobile nutrients and removal or breakdown of excess or xenic nutrients and compounds. Movement of floral gametes.
Trophic-dynamic regulations of populations.
Habitat for resident and transient populations.
That portion of gross primary production extractable as food.
That portion of gross primary production extractable as raw materials.
Sources of unique biological materials and products.
Providing opportunities for recreational activities.
Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses.
From: Costanza, R. R. d'Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, S. Naeem, K. Limburg, J. Paruelo, R.V. O'Neill,R. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature387:253-260
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Coastal Zone Change:Where, How Much, How Fast –
How do we assess and predict?
• Multiple human effects, but not spatially uniform
• Climate change shifts the ‘baseline’
• Space-for-time tradeoffs may help define time-courses and trajectories of change
• Some estimate of starting point or natural ‘equilibrium’ is needed
What are the mass balances of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
How can knowledge of the processes and impacts of biogeochemical and socio-economic changes be applied to improve Integrated environmental and economic Management of the Coastal Areas, ICAM ?
How do changes in land use, climate and sea level alter the fluxes and retention of water and particulate matter in the coastal zone, and affect coastal morphodynamics?
How are humans altering these mass balances, and what are the consequences? What is the role of the coastal zone in
trace gas emissions (e.g., DMS, NOX)?
Is the coastal zone a sink or source of CO2?
Coastal Zone Systems
Atmosphere
Inland
Catchments&
BasinsCoastal Sea
Ocean
EstuariesWetlands
Coastal LagoonsMangroves
DeltasCoral ReefsSeagrassesAlgal bedsSoft bottom communities
Planktonic systemsPeople & Habitation
RiversUpwelling
Local
Regional
Global
SCALES
SCALES
MATERIAL FLUX MODELSBasins Coastal Seas Oceans
Typology
Horizontal fluxes
Vertical fluxes
Ecosystems & Habitats & People
LOICZ
LOICZ Approach to Horizontal Flow - II
Land Coastal sea Ocean
BasinsDynamics& Flux
BiogeochemicalFlux Models
GroundwaterGroundwater
ShelfMargins
Material flow and the human dimension in the coastal zone through alignment of the 3 key elements
BasinsDynamics& Fluxes
Biogeochemical Flux Models
(C, N, P)
Net Material Flux of C, N, P
(& trace gases)
Models with variables x & y defined
Coastal seasCoastal land
x y
sequestration
atmosphere
Groundwater flux
Catchment BasinsVariables of xfrom biogeophysical& geochemicalprocesses and socioeconomic assessmentSurface material flux
Shelf
Net Material Flux of C,N,P
(& trace gases)
Models with defined variables of x and y
Biogeochemical Budgets: C, N, P Fluxes & Net System Metabolism
Modelling of nutrient processes in coastal seas and estuaries at local scales. Global assessment of system sink-sources for C,N,P by typology techniques.
Water and Salt Budgets
• Salt budget– Net flows known.– Mixing (VX) conserves
salt content.
• Water budget– Freshwater flows
known.– System residual flow
(VR) conserves volume.oceanSocean
systemVsystem, Ssystem
VR =VE - (VP+VQ+VG+VO)
VPVE
VQ, VG, VO
WATER BUDGET
VPSE= 0
VESE= 0
VQSQ, VGSG, VOSO = 0ocean
Soce an
s ystemVsystem, Ssystem
SR = (Soce an + Ss yste m)/2
VRSR
VX = VRSR/(Soc ea n-Ss yste m) SALT BUDGET
Nutrient Budgets
• Calculations based on simple system stoichiometry– Assume Redfield C:N:P ratio (106:16:1)
• (production - respiration) = -106 x DIP• (Nitrogen fixation - denitrification) = DINobs - 16 x DIP
• Nutrient (Y) budgets– Internal dissolved
nutrient net source orsink (Y) to conserveY.
ocean system
NUTRIENTS
Y = outputs - inputs
sediments
DIN = -180
DIN = -313
DIN = -310
VODINO = 262
VODINO = 262
VODINO = 350
VQDINQ = 4VQDINQ = 8
VQDINQ =128
Ocean
LINGAYEN GULFDIN Budget (fluxes in 106 moles/yr)
Upper Gulf(84%area)
Nearshore(10%area)
Bolinao(6%area)
DIN1B = 3.9µM DIN2 = 0.8µM
DIN1N = 1.7µM
VXDINX = -211
VR DINR= -10
VRDINR = -2
VXDINX = -78
DIN3 = 0.5µMVRDINR = -7 VXDINX = -282
VGDING = 28
VGDING =11
VGDING = 39
The new LOICZ:
Land-Ocean Interface and Key scientific Thematics
• River basins and human dimensions
• Coastal development and change: implications of land, water and sea use
• Fate and transformation of materials in coastal and shelf waters
• Towards system sustainability and resource management issues
• Risk and safety
Soil
River
Estuary
Coast
Atm
osp
her
e
Bio
ph
ysic
al B
asin
-Co
ast
Hu
man
Act
ivit
ies
Impact -Coastal State Change
Socio-Economic Drivers
EnvironmentalPressures.
Policy Response &
ManagementOptions
Environmental ‘State’ Changes:
Impacts-Coastal
Response
StakeholdersGains/losses
Biophysicalpropertiesbasin-coast
Soil
River
Estuary
Coast
Atm
osph
ere
Bio
phys
ical
pro
pert
ies B
asin
-Coa
st
Hum
an A
ctiv
ities
Impact -Coastal State Change
Theme 1: River-Basins and Human DimensionsGoal: to assess and forecast the magnitude and variations in land-derived material loads to the coastal seas, and implications of these fluxes and changes on coastal functioning and human use
Sambas1999,2001
AfriBasin2000,2001
EuroCat2001
CariBas2001
EABasin2001
AusOceBasin2002
?Bas
?Bas
RusBas2001
SAmbas1999, 2001
AfriBasin2000, 2001
EuroCat2001
CariBas2000, 2001
EastAsiaBasin2001
Austral/AsiaBasin 2002
? North AmericanBasin
RussianBasins2002
Past, Present and Future System Functioning
“Hitlists” Regional Drivers and Pressures
Impacts & Critical loadsScenario development
Global upscalingTypology
Ranking CoastalIssues and Drivers
AnthropogenicDrivers
Major State Changesand Coastal Impact
Present PressureStatus
TrendExpectations
1 Urbanization Eutrophication Major
2 Damming/ Diversion Erosion/Sedimentation Major
3 Industrialisation Pollution Medium
4 Agriculture Eutrophication/Pollution Medium
5 Deforestation Erosion/Sedimentation Medium
6 Aquaculture Eutrophication Low
7 Navigation Erosion/Sedimentation Low
8 Fisheries Loss of Biodiversity Low
9 Tourism Erosion/Eutrophication Low
10 Mining Erosion/Pollution Low
Oceania B. 2001
More N is fixed synthetically than
is fixed naturally an terrestrial systems
Global distribution of hypoxia zones
Nutrient loads exceed assimilative capacity of coastal systems
Goal: to assess and model the temporal and spatial scales of land based coastal change (habitats, biodiversity, ecol. Economics)
Theme 2: Coastal Development and Change -Implications of Land, Water and Sea use
Predicted log(mol DIP km-2 yr-1)
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Obs
erve
d lo
g(m
ol D
IP k
m-2
yr-1
)
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6log(mol DIP km-2 yr-1) =
2.72 + 0.36 x log(persons/km2) + 0.78 x log(m/yr)
R2 = 0.58
1
2
3
45
DIN and DIP loads can be described by a log-log regression of population density and area-normalized catchment discharge
They are tightly coupled (over the range of scales) in spite of different sources and chemistry.
red points are from Meybeck and Ragu (GEMS GLORI data base)
Future challenge:
to understand load impacts on coastal waters
Theme 2: Coastal Development and Change - Implications of Land, Water and Sea use
Global typology filter: of low population density (<10/km2) and low cropland use (<5%) (Arctic region cropped).
The disappearing low pressure/risk coast --- filtering the data to include only low population, low agriculture regions
permits classifying possible low-impact, “natural” areas.
Theme 2: Coastal Development and Change - Implications of Land, Water and Sea use
Theme 3: Fate and Transformation of Materials in Coastal and Shelf waters
sl
coastal zone
land
coastal aquifer
+
- + -open ocean
• benthos/water column interface(1) pore water reservoir(2) terrestrial gw(3) geophysical fluids
•Shelf Processes, •Coastal Aquifer System, •open Ocean and Atmosphere Exchange and Quantification
Goal: to describe the fate of land-derived and atmospheric loads and ramification of load changes in the coastal and continental shelf seas, and implications for Earth function
Theme 4: Towards System Sustainability and Resource Management Issues
• Goal: to develop scenarios of probable and “desirable” future response options and to provide the integrative indicators and scaling tools.
Human Dimensions of pressure and change in the “Anthropocene”
Global vulnerability maps
Global typology showing estimated regions of highly “disturbed” coastal systems
typology filter: population density >60/km2 and cropland use >10%
Theme 5: Risk & Safety
Goal: improve knowledge and understanding of vulnerability of society and ecosystems to global change hazards in the coastal zone
On global scales: direct disturbance (e.g., altered hydrology, sea level rise)
Polar (< 4 oC) - Climate change
Temperate (4-24oC) - Eutrophication
Tropical (24+oC) - Soil erosion
Actions & Research Foci
Theme 5: Risk & Safety
Socio-Economic DRIVERS (t 1- n)•Urbanisation and Transport/Trade•Agriculture, Land Use Change,•Fisheries, Aquaculture,•Industrial and Tourism
Socio-Economic DRIVERS (t 1- n)•Urbanisation and Transport/Trade•Agriculture, Land Use Change,•Fisheries, Aquaculture,•Industrial and Tourism
Environmental PRESSURES (t 1- n)•Land Conversions and Reclamation.•Dredging, Oil/Gas Extraction.•Waste Disposal in coastal water.•Water Abstraction. Drainage network and •Estuarine and Coastline Engineering, •Dams, Barriers and Barrages.
Environmental PRESSURES (t 1- n)•Land Conversions and Reclamation.•Dredging, Oil/Gas Extraction.•Waste Disposal in coastal water.•Water Abstraction. Drainage network and •Estuarine and Coastline Engineering, •Dams, Barriers and Barrages.
Policy RESPONSE (t 1- n)Policy RESPONSE (t 1- n) Environmental STATE Change (t 1- n)Flux Changes of C, N, P, Toxins, Sediments and Water through Basins and Coastal Zones causing• Eutrophication/Pollution, Erosion• Loss of habitats and Biological Diversity,
Environmental STATE Change (t 1- n)Flux Changes of C, N, P, Toxins, Sediments and Water through Basins and Coastal Zones causing• Eutrophication/Pollution, Erosion• Loss of habitats and Biological Diversity,
IMPACTS (t 1 - n)Change in Ecosystem Processes and Functions leads to impacts on human welfare via changes in•productivity, •health, amenity and existence •value changes.
IMPACTS (t 1 - n)Change in Ecosystem Processes and Functions leads to impacts on human welfare via changes in•productivity, •health, amenity and existence •value changes.
Natural forcing:• Climate Change • Coastal ProcessesVariability
•Integrated Modelling, •Scaling•Scenario Building•Habitat assessment
LOICZ input: •Validation of Stake-holder Gains/Losses
•Validation of Response •Scenarios/Options•Decision Support
ICZM
take
s pl
ace
here
LOICZ Models:•Flux C, N, P, Sedim.•Geomorphologic change•Indicators for Loads, Environ. Functions
•Typology Database•Scaling Tools•Spatial coverage•Network links
Goal
Basic Framework
Non-environmentally adjusted measures
Environmentallyadjusted measures
AppropriateValuationMethods
___________
Marketed
value ofmarketed goods
and servicesproduced and
consumed in aneconomy
GNP(Gross National
Product)GDP
(Gross DomesticProduct) NNP
(Net National Product)
NNP’(Net National Product
including non-produced assetts)
Market values
EconomicIncome Weak
Sustainability
1 + non-marketed goods
and servicesconsumption
ENNP (Environmental NetNational Product)
SEEA (System of
EnvironmentalEconomic Accounts)
1 + Willingness to Pay Based Values (see
Table 2)
___________
StrongSustainability
2 + preserveessential natural
capital
SNI(Sustainable National
Income)
SEEA(System of
EnvironmentalEconomic Accounts)
2 + Replacement Costs,+
ProductionValues
Economic Welfare
value of the wefareeffects of income and
other factors(including
distribution,household work, loss
of natural capitaletc.)
MEW(Measure of Economic
Welfare)
ISEW(Index of SustainableEconomic Welfare)
3 +ConstructedPreferences
HumanWelfare
assessment ofthe degree towhich human
needs arefulfilled
HDI (Human
Development Index)
HNA(Human NeedsAssessment)
4 + ConsensusBuildingDialogue
A range of goals for national accounting and their corresponding frameworks,measures, and valuation methods
from: Costanza, R., S. Farber, B. Castaneda and M. Grasso. 2000. Green national accounting: goals and methods. Chapter in: Cleveland, C. J., D. I. Stern and R. Costanza (eds.) The nature of economics and the economics of nature. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, England (in press)
Summary of global values of annual ecosystem services (From: Costanza et al. 1997)
Value per ha
($/ha/yr)
577 252
4052 22832 19004 6075 1610
804 969
2007 302 232
14785 9990
19580 8498
92
Global Flow Value
(e12 $/yr)
20.9 8.4
12.6 4.1 3.8 0.3 4.3
12.3 4.7 3.8 0.9 0.9 4.9 1.6 3.2 1.7
0.1
33.3
Biome
MarineOpen OceanCoastal
Estuaries Seagrass/Algae Beds Coral Reefs Shelf
TerrestrialForest
Tropical Temperate/Boreal
Grass/RangelandsWetlands
Tidal Marsh/Mangroves Swamps/Floodplains
Lakes/RiversDesertTundraIce/RockCroplandUrban
Total
Area (e6 ha)
36,302 33,200 3,102
180 200 62
2,660
15,323 4,855 1,900 2,955 3,898
330 165 165 200
1,925 743
1,640 1,400
332
51,625
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