Post on 29-Oct-2014
description
transcript
g
School-Based School-Based Professional Development 2Professional Development 2
25th April 2013Thursday07:45 am
Irushadhiyya School
Developing Critical Thinking Skills
What is Critical Thinking Why Critical thinking?
Strategies to Improve Critical Thinking Skills
Why is it Important?
What is It?
How Does it Improve Teaching and Learning?
Critical Thinking
“Standards” TypicallyUsed in Thinking
“It’s true because I believe it” (innate egocentrism)
“It’s true because we believe it” (innate sociocentrism)“It’s true because I want to believe it” (innate wish fulfillment)
“It’s true because I have always believed it.”(innate self-validation)“It’s true because it is in my selfish interest to believe it.” (innate selfishness)
Types of Thinking
CriticalCriticalThinkingThinking
• AnalyzingAnalyzing• EvaluatingEvaluating• ReasoningReasoning
Problem SolvingDecision MakingProblem SolvingDecision Making
NewNewIdeasIdeas
CreativeCreativeThinkingThinking
Do you agree with this statement?Some people study all their life and at their
death they have learnt everything except to THINK.
-Francoise Domergue
Why is it Important?
What is It?
How Does it Improve Teaching and Learning?
Critical Thinking
What is Critical Thinking?
Write your understanding of critical thinking?
What is Critical Thinking?
https://www.facebook.com/IrushadhiyyaSchoolOffical?ref=hl
Critical Thinkingis a self-directed
processby which we take deliberate stepsto think at the
highest level of quality.
Robert Ennis Definition
“Critical thinking is reasonable, reflective
thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe
or do.”
Matthew Lipman Definition
“Critical thinking is skillful, responsible thinking that is
conducive to good judgment because it is sensitive to context,
relies on criteria, and is self-correcting.”
Richard Paul’s definition
“Critical thinking is thinking about your thinking, while you’re thinking, in order to
make your thinking better.”
Paul’s (1992) definition
“Critical thinking is disciplined, self-directed thinking that exemplifies the perfection of thinking appropriate to a particular
mode or domain of thought.
Definition
“Critical thinking is skilful, responsible thinking that
that facilitates good judgment”.
critical thinking: disciplined, self-guided thinking
aimed at living a well reasoned life.
Thinking thatanalyzes thinking
Thinking thatassesses thinking
Thinking thatdevelops within itself
intellectual habits
thinking thatcombats its native
egocentricity
Overview slide
How Does it Improve Teaching and Learning?Does questioning improve students’ critical thinking skills?
Critical Thinking
The Critical Thinking MindThe Critical Thinking Mind
==
The Educated MindThe Educated Mind
The critical thinking mind is the educated mind
Make lesson plans that include thinking skills.
Ask thought-provoking questions such as “How do you know?” “Why…?”
Call on students to tell what they understand.
Connect each lesson to students’ experiences.
Ask students to summarize the lesson creatively.
The critical thinking mind is the educated mindStrategies to Promote Critical
thinking Skills
Questioning to develop critical thinking requires students to: Raise issuesDiscover ideas and thingsPeruse problematic areasSeek clarity and relevance of ideas and Find evidence and make conclusions.
The critical thinking mind is the educated mindAsking question is the heart
of critical thinking
Group ActivityIn groups, select a topic (any subject) and design a lesson emphasizing to develop Critical thinking Skills.
ActivityA woman goes for a haircut at a
hair-cutting salloon. The hairdresser asks her what brand of shampoo she uses. He then puts some of her hairs under a microscope and shows her that there is a white film on the hairs. He recommends that she buy the store’s brand of shampoo rather than the one she has been using.
What are some good questions to ask herself about this situation?
Possible questions• Will the same film be there with all shampoos,
even the store’s? • Is the film the result of the shampoo or of
something else entirely?• Is there anything negative about having that film
on my hair that can only be seen with a microscope?
• To what extent do we ask these types of questions of ourselves in similar contexts?
How do you help students learn the skills needed to form
clear, probing questions?
What did we do today?
Instructional Strategies
SEEISTATE in your own words what someone else
has said or written or the key concept, problem or question at issue.
ELABORATE on your statement. In other words…
EXEMPLIFY: give an example of the concept from your life and from the content.
ILLUSTRATE: create an analogy, metaphor, simile, graph, chart, cartoon, etc.
Benefits of Critical Thinking Skills
Why teach teach critical thinking skills?
Critical Thinking
Benefits of Critical ThinkingExamples:
Academic Performance understand the arguments and beliefs of others Critically evaluating those arguments and beliefs Develop and defend one's own well-supported arguments
and beliefs.
Workplace Helps us to reflect and get a deeper understanding of our
own and others’ decisions Encourage open-mindedness to change Aid us in being more analytical in solving problems
Daily life Helps us to avoid making foolish personal decisions. Promotes an informed and concerned citizenry capable of
making good decisions on important social, political and economic issues.
Aids in the development of autonomous thinkers capable of examining their assumptions, dogmas, and prejudices.
Barriers to Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking
Barriers to Critical Thinking
If Critical Thinking is so important, why is it that uncritical thinking is so common?
Why is that so many people including many highly educated and intelligent people find critical thinking so difficult?
Barriers to Critical Thinking Lack of relevant background information Poor reading skills Poor listening skills Bias Prejudice Superstition Egocentrism Socio-centrism Peer pressure Mindless Conformism Mindless non-conformism Provincialism Narrow-mindedness Closed-mindedness
Barriers to Critical ThinkingDistrust of reasonStereotypingUnwarranted assumptions and stereotypes Relativistic thinkingScapegoatingRationalization Wishful thinkingShort-term thinkingSelective perception / attentionSelective memoryOverpowering emotions Self-deceptionFace-savingFear of change
Barriers to Critical ThinkingFive Powerful Barriers to Critical Thinking:
Self-centered thinking
self-interested thinking
self-serving bias
Group-centered thinking
Group bias
Conformism
Beliefs that are presumed to be true without adequate evidence or justification
Assumption
Stereotyping
Believing that something is true because one wishes it were true.
The truth is “just a matter of opinion”
Relativism Subjectivism Cultural relativism
EgocentrismEgocentrism
Unwarranted Unwarranted AssumptionsAssumptions
SociocentrismSociocentrism
Relativistic Relativistic ThinkingThinking
Wishful Wishful ThinkingThinking
I am probably
the greatest thinker since
Socrates!
Answers for the argumentsArgument 1. Invalid. Premise might be true, but there are other possible reason explaining why things started g missing in June.Argument 2. Invalid. Premise might be true, but humans and mice aren’t the same animals, therefore logically the two premises aren’t comparable.
Argument 3. Valid. Premise are true and the conclusion allows from them.
Argument 4. Invalid. The structure is logical, but premise 1 is false – not all teachers are female.
Characteristics of Critical Thinker
Are you OPEN MINDED about other people’s view?
Are you HONEST to yourself (or others) when you are wrong?
Do you have the COURAGE and PASSION to take initiative and confront problems and
meet challenges?
Are you AWARE of your own biases and preconceptions?
Do you WELCOME CRITICISM from other people?
Do you have INDEPENDENT opinions and are not afraid to disagree?
Summary1. What is Thinking? Thinking is a purposeful, organized cognitive process that we use to make
sense of our world.
2. Types of Thinking Creative & Critical Thinking
3. What is Critical Thinking? Critical Thinking is the general term given to a wide range of cognitive and intellectual skills needed to: Effectively identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments; Discover and overcome personal prejudices and biases; Formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions; and Make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do. Critical thinking skills emphasized in this course, include: Reasoning, Analyzing, Evaluating, Decision Making and Problem solving.
5. Benefits of Critical Thinking Academic performance, workplace and daily life.
6. Barriers to Critical Thinking Examples include Egocentrism, Sociocentrism, Unwarranted Assumptions, Wishful Thinking, and Relativistic Thinking
7. Characteristics of a Critical Thinker Open-mindedness, independent thinking, self-aware, passionate, insightful, honest and intellectual humility, intellectual courage, and welcome criticism, etc.
Thank you very much for your active
participation. உங்கள் பங்கு மிகவும் நன்றி�
अपनी� सक्रि�य भा�गी�दा�री� के� लि�ए बहुत बहुत धन्यवा�दा
మీ చు�రు�కు�గా పాల్గొ నటం కోసం చాలా ధన�వాదాలు�
Lunch ?