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transcript
Development of Policy Instruments:
Environmental Health Indicators
Veerle Arren
Human Ecology Department
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
International SymposiumDecember 15th, 2006
Environmental Health Indicators 15/12/2006 2
Contents
1. What are Environmental Health Indicators ?
2. The DPSEEA-framework
3. Inventory of international and national EHI
4. Filling-in of selected EHI for Flanders:
a) Outdoor air pollution
b) Water quality
c) Food safety
5. Conclusions
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1. What are Environmental Health Indicators (EHI) ? (1/2)
• EHI: “ Measurable units suggesting a relevant and simple
relationship between health and environment.
Health effects arise from human exposure to environmental pollution.”
Cause-consequence relation
• Changes environment changes health & well-being of people
• Need to develop EHI to support policy
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1. What are Environmental Health Indicators (EHI) ? (2/2)
• Selection criteria for a good EHI:1. Policy relevance
2. Availability and follow-up of data
3. Simplicity & clarity
4. Sensitivity
5. Validity
6. Reliability & objectivity
7. Specificity
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2. The DPSEEA-framework
• Developed by WHO
• Driving forces
• Pressure
• State
• Exposure
• Effects
• Actions
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3. Inventory of international and national EHI (1/3)
• State of the art: worldwide overview based on: – International studies on indicators for SD
• WHO• UN• OECD• EU
– National studies:• MIRA (‘Environmental report for Flanders’)• VRIND (‘Regional indicators for Flanders’)
• Highlighting themes within E & H, relevant for Flanders
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3. Inventory of international and national EHI (2/3)
• Testing proposed indicators to criteria for good indicators:
• Policy relevance, data availability, simplicity, sensitivity, validity, reliability, specificity
To obtain a set indicators to integrate in Flemish EHIS
• Resulted in core set with 42 relevant indicators for Flanders
• Classified within the DPSEEA-framework
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3. Inventory of international and national EHI (3/3)
• Considered themes:– Outdoor air pollution (17 selected indicators)– Indoor air quality & housing (5)– Noise (4)– Soil pollution (1)– Waste pollution (2)– Water quality (9)– Food safety (1)– Environmental radiation (2)– Smell nuisance (1)
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4. Filling-in of selected EHI for Flanders (1/2)
• Filling-in EHI for 3 priority themes with important health impacts:– Outdoor air pollution– Water quality– Food safety
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4. Filling-in of selected EHI for Flanders (2/2)Implementation: Fact-sheets
1. Results & analysis:• Environment & health context: state of the art• Policy relevance & context• Analysis of the current state
2. Methodology for implementation3. Data4. Metadata:
• Geographical range, time range, frequency datacollection
5. Quality, bottlenecks & weaknesses6. Alternative indicator(s)7. Comparison with indicator in other countries
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4. Filling-in of selected EHI for Flandersa) Outdoor air pollution (1/6)
Driving forces Pressure State Exposure Effect Action
Energy use by road traffic
Yearly emissions of SO2, NOx and NMVOC
Mean year-conc. of SO2
Population-weighed exceedances of reference concentrations for NO2
Yearly child mortality due to respiratory diseases
Yearly emissions of 8 heavy metals
Mean year-conc. of NO2
Population-weighed exceedances of reference concentrations for PM10
Yearly mortality due to respiratory diseases
Emissions of 17 dioxins
Mean year-conc. of PM10
Population-weighed exceedances of reference concentrations for O3
Lung cancer incidence
Days with exceedance of threshold value for highest mean 8-hours O3-conc.
Population-weighed exposure to NO2 DALYs because of PM10
Mean year-conc. of benzene & 1,3-dichloroethane
Population-weighed exposure to PM10
Mean year-conc. of BaP & PAK’s
Population-weighed exposure to ozone
Deposition of dioxins
Heavy metal concentrations
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4. a) Outdoor air pollution (2/6) Air_D1: Energy use by road traffic
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
En
erg
y u
se (
MJ/
inh
ab
itan
t)
petroldieselLPG
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4. a) Outdoor air pollution (3/6)Air_P1: Yearly emissions of SO2, NOx & NM VOC
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
*
Year
Em
issio
ns (
ton)
SO2 emissions NOx emissions NM VOC emissions
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4. a) Outdoor air pollution (4/6)Air_S2: Mean yearly concentrations of PM10
25
35
45
55
65
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Mean
year-
con
c. (
µg/m
3)
industrial suburban urban rural Flanders
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4. a) Outdoor air pollution (5/6)Air_Exp5: Population-weighed exposure to ozone
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003
Concentrations exposed to
mon
itor
ed p
opul
atio
n
< 20 µg/m3 20- 29 µg/m3 30- 39 µg/m3 >=40 µg/m3
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4. a) Outdoor air pollution (6/6)Air_Eff2: Yearly mortality due to respiratory diseases
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4. Filling-in of selected EHI for Flandersb) Water quality (1/5)
Driving forces Pressure State Exposure Effect Action
Waste water treatment coverage
Exceedance of limit values for microbiological values in surface water (recreational)
Outbreaks of waterborne diseases
(Waste water treatment coverage)
% of surface water measure points with a basic quality for BOD
Concentration of pesticides in surface water above the basic guideline value
Concentration of pesticides in ground water above the basic guideline value
Concentration of pesticides in eel
Exceedance of WHO guideline values for drinking water for microbiological parameters
Exceedance of WHO guideline values for drinking water for chemical parameters
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4. b) Water quality (2/5)Water_P1: Waste water treatment coverage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2007
year
was
te w
ater
trea
tmen
t cov
erag
e (%
)
treatment coverage objective 2007
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4. b) Water quality (3/5)Water_S5: Concentration of pesticides in eel
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
lindane diëldrin HCB sum DDT
pesticide
% o
f ee
l
strongly deviant fromreference valuedeviant from RV
lightly deviant fromRVnot deviant from RV
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4. b) Water quality (4/5)Water_S6: Exceedance of WHO guideline values for drinking water for microbiological parameters
80%
82%
84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
94%
96%
98%
100%
2003 2004 2003 2004
E.coli Enterococci
% conform % not conform
98,0%
98,5%
99,0%
99,5%
100,0%
2003 2004 2003 2004
E.coli Enterococci
% conform % not conform
Tap water (100 – 98 %) Well water (100 – 80 %)
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4. b) Water quality (5/5)Water_Eff1: Outbreaks of water borne diseases
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
num
ber
of r
epor
tings
leptospirosis shigellosis
central nervous system protozoal infections collective non-foodborne gastro-intestinal infection
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4. Filling-in of selected EHI for Flandersc) Food safety (1/4)
Driving forces
Pressure State Exposure Effect Action
Dioxins & PCB’s in cow’s milk
Residues of pesticides in food stuffs (fruit & vegetables)
Food borne infections
Estimated daily intake (pesticides)
Monitoring of chemicals in food stuffs
Dioxins & PCB’s in breast milk
Lead (Pb) in children’s blood
Cadmium (Cd) in children’s blood (urine)
POP’s in blood
Only one indicator was retained after selection, therefore also the alternative indicators are included in this overview (in italic print)
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4. c) Food safety (2/4)Food_Exp1: Residues of pesticides in food stuffs (fruit & vegetables)
4,1
5,4
4,34,8
7,9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
sam
ples
with
con
cent
ratio
ns >
MR
L (%
)
> MRL (%)
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4. c) Food safety (3/4)Food_S1: Dioxins and PCB’s in cow’s milk
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
1991 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
diox
in c
onc.
(pg
TE
Q/g
fat
)
spring summer spring
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4. c) Food safety (4/4)Food_Eff1: Food borne infections
meat; 42%
poultry; 5,5%
pastry; 8,5%
sea products; 9,5%
raw eggs; 3%
not identif ied; 31,5%
meatnot identifiedsea productspastrypoultryraw eggs2005
botulism(0,00%)
brucellosis(0,34%)
listeriosis(9,62%)
trichinosis(0,00%)
FTI(7,22%)
collective gastro-intestinal infection
(24,05%)
shigellosis58,76%
botulismbrucellosislisteriosisshigellosistrichinosiscollective gastro-intestinal infectionFood Toxi Infections (FTI)2005
Distribution potential food borne infections
Distribution sources collective food borne infections
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5. Conclusions
• Follow-up specific environment & health situations– Identify potential health risks / vulnerable populations– Visualise past & current state– Forecast distance-to-target– Facilitate decision-making– Evaluate policy and measures– International comparison & benchmarking
policy supporting & evaluating instruments
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Thank you for your attention!
Contact Information:
Veerle.Arren@vub.ac.be
Human Ecology Department
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Laarbeeklaan 103
B – 1090 Brussels
Belgium
Phone: +32/2/477.42.81
Fax: +32/2/477.49.64
E-mail: human.ecology@vub.ac.be
Homepage: http://www.vub.ac.be/MEKO