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Aggregates WithDevelopmental Needs
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Maternal-Newborn Indicator of health (national and global) At risk for disease, disability and death The majority of client (pregnant or having children) Economically disadvantages
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Maternal-Newborn ndikator kesehatan (nasional dan global)
Pada risiko penyakit, kecacatan dan kematianMayoritas klien (anak hamil atau memiliki)
Secara ekonomi kerugian
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Health Status and Needs Women die of pregnancy-related causes; 99% in
developing countries Direct causes: complication of pregnancy, labor, post-
partum; omission or incorrect treatment Teenage mothers and their infants are at risk Peri-natal transmission of HIV/AIDS
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Health Status and Needs Perempuan meninggal kehamilan-penyebab terkait,
99% di negara berkembangLangsung penyebab: komplikasi kehamilan,
persalinan, nifas, kelalaian atau perlakuan yang salahIbu remaja dan bayi mereka beresikoPeri-natal penularan HIV / AIDS
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Health Status and Needs Women have no insurance Pregnant adolescent: children having children Substance use and abuse LBW and VLBW Cesarean section delivery
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Health Status and Needs Perempuan memiliki asuransi
Hamil remaja: anak memiliki anakPenggunaan narkoba dan penyalahgunaan
BBLR dan VLBWBedah sesar pengiriman
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Risk Factors
Gaya hidup: merokok, nutrisi tidak adekuat,low pre-pregnancy weight, substance use andabuse (alkohol, narcotic), environmental toxin,stress and lack of social support
Socio-demographic: low maternal age, tingkatpendidikan rendah, poverty, un-married status
Medical and gestational history: primi-multiparity, multiple gestation, short pregnancyinterval
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Risk Factors
Gaya Hidup: merokok, nutrisi tidak adekuat,rendah berat badan sebelum kehamilan,penggunaan narkoba dan penyalahgunaan(ALKOHOL, narkotika), racun lingkungan, stresdan kurangnya dukungan sosialSosio-demografis: rendah usia ibu, tingkat
Pendidikan rendah, kemiskinan, un-menikahStatusMedis dan gestational sejarah: primi multi
paritas, kehamilan ganda, jarak kehamilan
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Problems related to the factors
Poor pregnancy outcomes Maternal: limited prenatal care; inadequate
nutrition, low pre-pregnancy weight; SIDS,HIV/AIDS; emotional, physical, and socialproblems; post partum depression, grief,maternal developmental disability (child
abuse, neglect) Newborn: impaired fetal growth, congenital
anomaly, abnormality of the organs, pre-term
birth
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Program Planning
Menilai kebutuhanMenimbang: pendidikan, pengalaman budaya,hidup, perkembanganVital statistik: masalah kesehatanPembangunan tahap: Status fisiologis danemosional, dukungan sistem sosial, akses ke
perawatan medis, status keuangan, kebutuhanperumahan, kemampuan untuk merawat bayi
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Health Programs
Depend on specific needs: geographic distributionand size of the nursing staff
Clinic including the program for the high risk Home visit (benefit for client and nurse, costly) Self help group (peer, acceptance of the
responsibility for the health promoting behaviors)
School-based program Information services (telephone, health education
center, hand book)
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Health Programs
Tergantung pada kebutuhan spesifik: geografisdistribusi dan ukuran staf keperawatanKlinik termasuk program untuk risiko tinggi
Kunjungan rumah (manfaat bagi klien dan perawat,mahal)Swadaya kelompok (peer, penerimaan tanggung
jawab untuk kesehatan mempromosikan perilaku)
Sekolah-program berbasisInformasi layanan (telepon, pendidikan kesehatanpusat, buku tangan)
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Under-Five
Future well-being of the nation The health and safety depend on 2day
decision and action A valuable asset The determinant of mortality rate: hungry,
basic immunization, accident and injury,
communicable disease, poor, number ofchildren
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Under-Five
Masa Depan kesejahteraan bangsaKesehatan dan keselamatan tergantung padakeputusan dan tindakan 2day
Sebuah aset berhargaPenentu tingkat kematian: jumlah lapar,imunisasi dasar, kecelakaan dan cedera,penyakit menular, miskin, anak-anak
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Health Problems
Accidents and injuries: un-save toys, falls, burn,automobile crashes, poison, family violence Communicable disease: acute illness (ARI,
infectious and parasite, digestive); chronicdisease (asthma, food allergies, musculardystrophy)
Behavior and learning problems Poor nutrition and dental hygiene (under/over
feeding/eating, in-appropriate food choice) The effect of poverty
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Health Problems
Kecelakaan dan cedera: un-save mainan, jatuh, luka bakar, kecelakaan mobil, racun,kekerasan keluargaPenyakit Menular: penyakit akut (ISPA, infeksidan parasit, pencernaan), penyakit kronis(asma, alergi makanan, distrofi otot)Perilaku dan pembelajaran masalahMiskin gizi dan kesehatan gigi (under / overmakan / makan pilihan, di-sesuai makanan)Pengaruh kemiskinan
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Health programs and service
Community center: parenting education,health and safety education, immunization,screening, family planning
Quality day care, parenting class, parentingsupport and services
Safety and injury protection (motor vehiclecrash, environmental hazard)
Communicable disease Dental caries
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Health programs and service
Komunitas center: parenting pendidikan,kesehatan dan keselamatan pendidikan,imunisasi, skrining, keluarga berencanaKualitas penitipan anak, kelas parenting,dukungan pengasuhan dan jasaKeamanan dan perlindungan cedera
(kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor, bahayalingkungan)penyakit menular
karies gigi
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Health programs and .
Child abuse (physical, emotional, sexual) andneglect (physical, medical, educational)
Early childhood development: ready to learn Nutrition: learn dietary habit Physical fitness
Special need
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Health programs and .
Pelecehan anak (fisik, emosional, seksual) danpengabaian (fisik, kesehatan, pendidikan)Pengembangan anak usia dini: siap untukbelajarNutrisi: belajar kebiasaan dietfisik kebugaran
khusus kebutuhan
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School-age and Adolescent
Children are the parent, worker, leader, anddecision maker for tomorrow
Childrens future depends on achieving of theeducational goal
Successful schooling depends on the health Access to school nurse, the effect????
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Health problems: school-age
Problems associated with economic status (poor inhealth, school, adulthood) Accident and injury Communicable diseases Chronic diseases (dermatitis, hearing difficulty,
stomachaches, headache, diabetic, asthma) Behavior problem and learning disabilities (reading,
writing, mathematic) Head lice/pediculosis Poor nutrition and dental health
In-activity
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Health problems: school-age Masalah yang terkait dengan status ekonomi (miskin
dalam kesehatan, sekolah, dewasa)Kecelakaan dan cederapenyakit tidak menular
Penyakit kronis (dermatitis, kesulitan mendengar, sakitperut, sakit kepala, diabetes, asma)Masalah perilaku dan ketidakmampuan belajar(membaca, menulis, matematika)
Kepala kutu / pediculosisMiskin gizi dan kesehatan gigiDalam aktivitas
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Health problems: adolescent
Emotional (depressions, anxiety, behavioralproblems, eating disorder) and suicide
Violence (at school, home, street) Substance abuse (alcohol, cigarette, narcotic,
inhalant) Pregnancy STDs and HIV/AIDS Acne
Poor nutrition and eating disorder
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Health problems: adolescent
Emosional (depresi, kecemasan, masalahperilaku, gangguan makan) dan bunuh diriKekerasan (di sekolah, rumah, jalan)Penyalahgunaan zat (alkohol, rokok, narkotika,inhalansia)kehamilan
PMS dan HIV / AIDS jerawatGizi buruk dan gangguan makan
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Health programs
Immunization: hepatitis, tetanus, MMR,pneumonia, TB
Education and social services: hand washing,hearing conservation; parental supportservices (periods of transition); child growthand development; family planning, risk taking
behavior Safety and injury prevention: driver education,
improved motor vehicle design, heat and
smoke detecting system, environment hazard
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Health programs Infectious disease: campaign Child protection service (abuse) Oral hygiene and dental care (fluoride, tooth
brushing, nutrition) Screening (vision, hearing, growth and development,
musculoskeletal, dental) Nutrition and exercise
Prevent substance abuse: peer as educator Counseling and crisis intervention: stress control
program (build coping skill: self-help, peercounseling/ intervention)
School-based health clinic
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Health programs Penyakit menular: Kampanye
Perlindungan anak layanan (penyalahgunaan)Oral kesehatan dan perawatan gigi (fluoride,menyikat gigi, gizi)
Screening (penglihatan, pendengaran, pertumbuhandan perkembangan, muskuloskeletal, gigi)Nutrisi dan latihanMencegah penyalahgunaan zat: peer sebagai
pendidikKonseling dan intervensi krisis: stres programpengendalian (membangun keterampilan mengatasi:self-help, konseling sebaya / intervensi)
Sekolah berbasis klinik kesehatan
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Adults 18-64 years old: differences in health profile, need
and problem Developmental tasks
Becoming adults (18-28): starting career, becoming parent
and homeowner Adults (29-34): better problem-solving skills Midlife (35-43): reappraisal of values, priority and personal
relationship (middle crisis) Rehabilitation (44-55): attention both physically and
economically Preparation for retirement (56-64): loss and griefing
A shift in a mortality causes: communicable-noncommunicable
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Adults 18-64 tahun: perbedaan dalam profil kesehatan,
kebutuhan dan masalahperkembangan tugasMenjadi dewasa (18-28): memulai karir, menjadi
orang tua dan pemilik rumahDewasa (29-34): baik keterampilan pemecahanmasalahSetengah baya (35-43): penilaian kembali nilai-nilai,
prioritas dan hubungan pribadi (krisis tengah)Rehabilitasi (44-55): perhatian baik secara fisikmaupun ekonomiPersiapan untuk pensiun (56-64): kerugian dan
griefing
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Health Problems Accident: unintentional injury Cancer: smoking, ligth Cardiovascular: personal, heredity, environmental Suicide: emotional and mental stress HIV/AIDS: IDU or sexual activity
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Health Problems Kecelakaan: cedera yang tidak disengaja
Kanker: merokok, ligthKardiovaskular: personal, faktor keturunan,lingkungan
Bunuh Diri: stres emosional dan mentalHIV / AIDS: IDU atau aktivitas seksual
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Health Programs Health and safety education Immunization Eating habit Exercise Physical examination Relaxation technique
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Health Programs Kesehatan dan pendidikan keselamatan
imunisasikebiasaan makanlatihan
pemeriksaan fisikteknik relaksasi
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Environmental Work factors Physical: structural element (space, temperature,
lighting, noise, radiation) Chemical: chemical agents(gas, solvent, vapor, dust,
solid) Biologic: living organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasite, insect, animal, toxic plant) Ergonomic: design (work, place, tool and task)
Psychological: response and behavior
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Environmental Work factors Fisik: struktur elemen (spasi, temperatur,
pencahayaan, kebisingan, radiasi)Kimia: bahan kimia (gas, pelarut, uap, debu, padat)Biologik: organisme hidup (bakteri, virus, jamur,
parasit, serangga, hewan, tumbuhan beracun)Ergonomis: desain (pekerjaan, tempat, alat dantugas)Psikologis: respon dan perilaku
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Health problems Occupational diseases: condition result from
exposure from employment Ergonomic problems: musculoskeletal Emotional disturbance: pressure at work, physically
stressful work, perception of inability to control thedemand
Violence
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Health problems Kerja penyakit: kondisi akibat dari paparan dari
pekerjaanErgonomis masalah: muskuloskeletalEmosional gangguan: tekanan di tempat kerja, kerjafisik stres, persepsi ketidakmampuan untukmengendalikan permintaankekerasan
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Health programs Disease prevention: eliminating hazard (redesign
equipment, substitution material) Health protection: safety for worker Health promotion: behavior changes Non-occupational health services: on site treatment,
counseling
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Health programs Pencegahan penyakit: bahaya menghilangkan
(redesign peralatan, bahan substitusi)Perlindungan kesehatan: keamanan bagi pekerjaPromosi kesehatan: perubahan perilakuNon-kerja pelayanan kesehatan: pengobatan situs,konseling
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Ageism Cannot live independent Chronological age determines oldness Have diminished intellectual capacity Cannot be productive and active Resistance to change Hope on social security
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Characteristic of health elderly Aging: a normal, irreversible physiology process; is
not a problem Basic need: physiology, safety, love, self-esteem, self-
actualization Strengths are more importance than problems Ability to function: able to adapt, continue to handle
stress, and active and involved
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Health needs Nutrition: maintain the optimal weight (low fat,
moderate carbohydrate, high protein); keep teeth;avoid laxative or adding fiber; exercise and water
Exercise: warming-up Economy security Psychosocial: coping skills, maintaining
independency, social interaction
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Health needs Safety: personal health and safety (immunization, fall
prevention and drug safety) Spirituality and preparing for death screening
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l h
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Health service Criteria
Comprehensive: adequate financial support, day careprogram, health care services, health education, in-homeservices, recreation and activity program, specializedtransportation services
Coordination Accessibility Promote quality program
l h
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Health service Types
Home care Day care Respite care
Hospice care
R l d kill f CHN
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Role and skills of CHN Educator: communication and teaching Advocate and liaison: resource manager Facilitator to influence policy: writing grant collaborator: coordination and networking Engineering: strategy uses a greater degree of
persuasion or positive manipulation Enforcement: use coercion to make people comply
with the law
F d l i
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Fundamental requirements Know the characteristic the population Set aside stereotypes based on misconception about
the population Know the health needs of the population as basis for
nursing intervention View the population from an aggregate, public health
perspective that emphasize health protection andpromotion, and disease prevention
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