Post on 14-Jan-2016
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Diagnostic Assessment:Salvia, Ysseldyke & Bolt: Ch. 1 and 13
Dr. Julie Esparza BrownSped 512/Fall 2010Portland State University
What are two major expectations for schools in the U.S.?
Excellence Equity
Decisions Made from Assessments
Screening Progress monitoring Instructional planning and monitoring Eligibility for special education Program evaluation Accountability decisions
Quote from Page 9
“Before a student may be declared eligible for special education services, he or she must be shown to be exceptional (have a disability or a gift or talent) and to have special learning needs.”
Gifted and Talented Education is NOT a component of special education and does not receive funding nor protection under IDEIA.
Assess Instruction
Why is it important to assess the learning environment before assessing a student?
Is this important within an RTI Framework?
Assessment is Broader than Testing
Testing is _____________. Assessment includes:
Observations Recollections (anecdotal information) Tests Professional judgment
Assessments Have Improved Methods of test construction Statistical analyses are better We assess new skills and abilities based on
latest theories and research. Assessment practices have broadened
beyond testing. Advances in technology has helped to track
assessment data. Federal laws have put a spotlight on
assessments.
Generally speaking, who does language testing in schools?
LanguageLanguage is defined as a code for a conveying ideas. It
includes the following components: Phonology: hearing and production of speech
sounds Semantics: study of word meanings Morphology: use of affixes to change the meaning of
words; verb tense Syntax: word order to convey meaning Pragmatics: social context in which a sentence occurs Supralinguistics: second order analysis of meaning of
words or sentences (such as looking for sarcasm, figurative language)
What is Communication?
“Communication is the process participants use to exchange information and ideas, needs and desires” (Owens, 2005).
The following slides are taken from a presentation by Dr. Shelly Chabon, PSU
Methods of Communication
Success communication requires: A sender of the message A receiver of the message A shared intent to communicate A shared means of communication
Kudor 2008
Language
“Language is a rule governed symbol system for communicating meaning through a shared code of arbitrary symbols.”
Kudor, 2008
American Speech & Hearing Association (ASHA) Definition of Language
Language is a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication. Contemporary views of human language hold that: Language evolves within specific historical, social,
and cultural contexts; Language, as rule-governed behavior, is described by at least
five parameters – phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic;
Language learning and use are determined by the interaction of biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors;
Effective use of language for communication requires a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and sociocultural roles.
Speech
Speech is the oral expression of language.
The act of speaking is highly complex It includes coordination of:
Respiration Phonation Resonation Articulation
Think
Can you have language without speech?
Can you have speech without language?
Can you have communication without language or speech?
The Components of Language
Form Phonology Syntax Morphology
Content Semantics
Use Pragmatics skills
Language Form
Phonology:Rules that govern how sounds are combined to form words & phrases Includes all sounds in a particular
language and the rules for combining them
Phoneme sound
Language Form: Two Components of Grammar Syntax
Organized rules specifying word order, sentence organization & word relationships
Arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences
A collection of rules that specify the order in which words are combined to form sentences in a particular langauge
Morphemes Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
Analyzing MLU in morphemes is one way to analyze syntactic aspects of child’s syntax
Language Form
Morphology Aspect of language concerned with rules
governing change in meaning Includes rules by which words in a
language are pluralized or inflected
Language Form
Morpheme Smallest unit of meaning
Cannot be subdivided further Used to modify word structures to
change meaning Two types of morphemes
Free Bound
Language Content
Semantics Rules governing the meaning or content
of words and word combinations
Semantic system Includes our lexicon
Lexicon One’s mental dictionary
Language Use
Pragmatics: Rules that govern language use in social situations Use of language in context or as a function
Where an utterance takes place To whom the utterance is directed What and who are present
Knowledge and use of appropriate flow of language Discourse and how utterances are related Narrative and the logical sequence of events
Why Assess Oral and Written Language?
Individuals need ability to converse and express thoughts/feelings.
Language processes and skills underlie subsequent development
Written and oral language tests are administered for special education eligibility as identified by IDEIA.
Tests for Assessing Written and Oral Language
Test of Written Language – Fourth Ediction (TOWL-4)
Test of Language Development: Primary – Fourth Ediction (TOLD-P4)
Test of Language Development: Intermediate – Fourth Edition (TOLD-I:4)
Oral and Written Language Scales