Different Elements— Different Numbers of Protons An element is a pure substance made from atoms...

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Different Elements—Different Numbers of Protons

• An element is a pure substance made from atoms that all have the same number of protons.

• Atoms of a particular element always have the same number of protons.

4.3 Elements, Isotopes, and Ions—How Atoms Differ

Different Elements—Different Numbers of Protons

• The number of protons in an atom of an element is the element’s atomic number.

• The periodic table shows elements that increase in atomic number horizontally.

• Elements in the same column have similar properties.

Protons, Neutrons, and Mass Number

• An atom’s mass number is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons.

• To calculate the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the mass number.

Periods

• A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table is called a period.

• The atomic numbers increase by one from left to right across a period.

7.1 Organization of the Periodic Table

Groups• A vertical column of elements in the periodic table is

called a group.

• Groups are numbered 1–18 across the top of the periodic table.

• Elements in the same group have similar properties.

The Lanthanide and Actinide Series

• The two rows of elements at the bottom of the table are the Lanthanide Series and the Actinide Series.

Metals• Elements that are on the left side and in the middle of the

periodic table are metals.

Metals • Metallic refers to the properties of

common metals.

• Luster, or shine, is one property of metals.

• Metals are also ductile and malleable.

• Conductivity is the ability of a material to transfer electricity or thermal energy—metals are good conductors.

Nonmetals• Elements on the right side of the periodic table are

nonmetals.

Nonmetals• Nonmetals exhibit properties that are the opposite of

metals.

• They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, are brittle, and do not have luster.

• Nonmetals make up most of the matter in the living world.

• The most reactive nonmetals are the halogens in Group 17.

Semimetals

• A few elements are semimetals, or metalloids.

Semimetals • Semimetals have the properties of both metals and

nonmetals.

• Semimetals conduct electricity but not as well as metals.

Noble Gases

• Group 18 elements are the noble gases.

• Noble gases are extremely stable by themselves and occur in nature as single atoms.

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