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Digital Electronics
Applications: Computers Telecommunication Automation Medical Science and Technology Transportation Space Exploration Entertainment Home Appliances Others
Dr. Bahawodin Baha, University of Brighton, UK.March 2007
Digital Systems, Principles and Applications, 10th EditionR.J Tocci, N. S. Windmer, G. L. Moss, 2007.
Course Summary
Overview of Electronics
Digital Electronics Number systems, decimal, binary, hexadecimal
Combinational logic circuits
Sequential logic circuits
Computer Systems
Combinational Logic Systems Number systems: Binary, decimal and hexadecimal
conversions and calculations Basic logic gates: AND, OR, NOT and Ex-OR
Truth tables, Boolean equations. Combinational logic circuit design: General hierarchical logic
design methodology Minimisation using Karnaugh maps and Boolean algebra,
De-Morgan’s laws. Simulation of gates and combinational logic designs Implementation and testing of designs using a suitable
version of TTL series ICs. Practical aspects of using logic ICs: data sheets, current
and voltage characteristics, timing issues, output types, compatibility, families etc..
Course Summary (cont.)
Course Summary (cont.)
Sequential logic designFlip-flops: SR, JK, D, T types, truth tables,
excitation tables and device operation.
Flip-flop applications: Registers and counters (asynchronous); MSI and LSI devices
Synchronous counter and sequence generator design method
Course Summary (cont.)
Introduction to Microprocessor SystemsOverview of computer systems
architectures, a simple microprocessor-based system, the stored programme concept.
Design of a microprocessor based system
Differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers.
Brief history of microprocessors and microcontrollers.
Overview of Electronics
Analogue electronics
Power electronics
Physical electronics
Differences between digital and other types of electronics
Numerical Presentation
In 1947, Transistor was invented in Bell labs in the USA.
It was as tall as the face of wristwatch.In November 2001, another Bell lab
team has built a transistor from a single Molecule - small enough to fit about 10 million transistors on the head of a pin.
Numerical Representation
There is two ways to represent numerical values. 1- Analogue In analogue representation one quantity is represented by
another quantity which is directly proportional to the first quantity.
Analogue = Continuous 2- Digital In digital representation the quantities are not represented
by proportional quantities but symbols called digits. The digital representation is in discrete steps.
Digital = Discrete Logic Level in digital representation, 0 – 0.8 logic 0 and 2 –
5 logic 1. Voltage between 0.8 V and 2 V are unacceptable and are
never used.
Number systems
Type of NumbersDecimal, Binary, Octal and
Hexadecimal
Converting decimal to binary and
Converting decimal to hexadecimal
Converting binary to hexadecimal
Number Systems
DecimalBase of 10
BinaryBase 0f 2
HexadecimalBase of 16
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
Converting Decimal to Binary
Convert Therefore, 810 = (1000)2
LSB, Less Significant Bit
MSB, Most significant Bit
To examine (0 X 2 0) + (0 X 2 1) +
(0 X 2 2) + (1 X 2 3) = 8 decimal into binary
8
4
1
2
0
2
2
2
2
Reminder0
0
0
1
LSB
MSB
2nd Example
Convert 624 decimal into binary
624 decimal = 1001110000 in binary.
To examine the result (1 X 2 4) + (1 X 2 5) +
(1 X 2 6) + (1 X 2 9) = 624
624 Reminder2
156
312
19
39
2
2
2
2
278
9
4
2
1
0
2222
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1 MSB
LSB
Converting Decimal to Hex
Find the Hex equivalent of (3875)
(3875) = (F23)H To examine (15 X 162) + (2 X
161) + (3 X 160) = 3875
3875 Reminder16
3
2
150MSB
LSB24216
1516
16
Converting Hex to Decimal
Convert (AF16B)16 to decimal.
(AF16B)16 = [(10 X 164) + (15 X 163) + (1 X 162) + (6 X 161) + (11 X 160)]
= (655360 + 61440 +256 +96 +11)
= (717163)10
Converting Binary to Hex
To convert Binary into Hex, simply group them in four and write down the Hex equivalent for each group.
Example:(10110011) 2 = (1011)2 (0011)2 =
(11)10 (3)10 = B316
Main Points
Digital Electronics use many exciting applications
Introduction to digital electronics Number systems: Decimal, binary
and hex Converting from one number system
into another
The End
Thank you for your attention.
Any questions? Good luck and
have fun!