Digital Manipulation of Photographic Images:

Definition, techniques, history, examples, ethics

Noise reduction

Photoshop

Two images: One Woman

Definition

• image editing

• illusion

• computer

Techniques for Editing Images

• Selection

• Cropping

• Noise reduction

• Image orientation

• Special effects

Selection

Cropping

Noise reduction

Eliminating unwanted details

Noise reduction

Image orientation

Special effects

Special effects: Distortion

Raster graphics

History

• The dark room

• To develop photos

• Completely dark

• Precursor of D.M.

Example

• A composite photo

Example

• Before

After

Examples

• Martha Stewart: Image enhancement

• O.J. Simpson: Prejudice

• Kerry and Fonda: Politics

Ethics

• Digital Manipulation Code of Ethics

• NPPA Statement of Principle 1991 by the NPPA Board of Directors

• As journalists we believe the guiding principle of our profession is accuracy; therefore, we believe it is wrong to alter the content of a photograph in any way that deceives the public.

Ethical issues

• Unethical uses:

• Politics

• Image enhancement

• Manipulating opinion

• Distorting truth

• Falsifying evidence

Conclusion

• Evaluate purpose