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transcript
Digital Storytelling
Digital stories in the classroom…a telling experience
A digital storytelling workshop based on the book to be published by Corwin Press, Fall, 2006 www.jasonOhler.com
Digital Storytelling
AssessmentReason teachers don’t require more new media projects from students??
Not comfortable assessing new media…
So, let’s help them…
Digital Storytelling
Assessment
New Media Assessment ProjectInterested?
Contact me:jason.ohler@uas.alaska.edu
Digital Storytelling
Show “School Train”
Thanks to Glen Bledsoe www.jasonOhler.com
How would you assess this?
Digital Storytelling
• stories and storytelling…• speaking new media… • joining the story culture…• shifting from consumer to
producer, prosumer…• constructivist, project based
learning…• blending story, analytical thinking
What’s digital storytelling about?
Digital Storytelling
• stories and storytelling…• speaking new media… • joining the story culture…• shifting from consumer to
producer, prosumer…• constructivist, project based
learning…• blending story, analytical thinking
What’s digital storytelling about?
Digital Storytelling
• provide non-linear, rhythmic info container, interface with world…
• simplify, structure…
• teach, promote meaning, survival…
• personalize, create identity…
• socialize, acculturate…
• contextualize…important in Info Age
What do stories do…?
Digital Storytelling
• provide non-linear, rhythmic info container, interface with world…
• simplify, structure…
• teach, promote meaning, survival…
• personalize, create identity…
• socialize, acculturate…
• contextualize…important in Info Age
What do stories do…?
Digital Storytelling
• provide non-linear, rhythmic info container, interface with world…
• simplify, structure…
• teach, promote meaning, survival…
• personalize, create identity…
• socialize, acculturate…
• contextualize…important in Info Age
What do stories do…?
Digital Storytelling
• provide non-linear, rhythmic info container, interface with world…
• simplify, structure…
• teach, promote meaning, survival…
• personalize, create identity…
• socialize, acculturate…
• contextualize…important in Info Age
What do stories do…?
Digital Storytelling
Digital Storytelling
Story planning…
Once upon a time, there was a …
Digital Storytelling
No formulas… only forms of you
Digital Storytelling
Traditional story planning process
1. Get a story idea
2. Develop storyboard or outline and script
Digital Storytelling
Traditional story boarding
Angle:
Shot:
Movement:
Audio:
Angle:
Shot:
Movement:
Audio:
Technical direction
Technical direction
Digital Storytelling
Angle: wide
Shot: side of bus, going to school
Movement: follow bus Audio: music (Born to Learn)
Angle: wide, zoom in
Shot: front of school, students entering
Movement: stationary
Audio: music, cont.
Technical directionNone - ambient happy school bus noise
Teacher at door, greeting each child as they enter
Story board for “We Won’t Leave School”
Technical direction
Digital Storytelling
http://www.csupomona.edu/~wcweber/325/storybd.htm
Teacher at door, greeting each child as they enter
Script, voice over narration:
“Once upon a time there were children so in love with school they refused to leave when summer vacation came. They demanded to keep learning. ‘More math problems!’ they cried.”
None - voice over with ambient happy school, bus noise
Story board for “We Won’t Leave School”
Angle: wide
Shot: side of bus, going to school
Movement: follow bus Audio: music (Born to Learn)
Technical direction
Digital Storytelling
Traditional story planning process
1. Get a story idea
2. Develop storyboard or outline and script
Digital Storytelling
Traditional story planning process
1. Get a story idea
NO!2. Develop storyboard or outline and script
Digital Storytelling
New story planning process
1. Get a story idea
3. Develop storyboard or outline and script
2. Develop story mapNew!
Digital Storytelling
Problem (tension)
Solution (resolution)
Beginning End
Middle
Ordinary life…
“the call to adventure…” closure
“Life” resumes…
Visual Portrait of Story (VPS)
(Dillingham, 2001)
(conflict, growth)- challenge - opportunity
- goal
Digital Storytelling
(Dillingham, Ohler 2003)
Transformation?
Problem (tension)
Solution (resolution)
Beginning
Ordinary life…
“the call to adventure…” closure
“Life” resumes…
VPS + transformation = quest
Middle
End
(conflict, growth)- challenge - opportunity
- goal
Digital Storytelling
Kinds of stories…
Digital Storytelling
(Dillingham, Ohler 2003)
Transformation?
Problem (tension)
Solution (resolution)
Beginning
Ordinary life…
“the call to adventure…” closure
“Life” resumes…
VPS + transformation = quest
Middle
End
(conflict, growth)- challenge - opportunity
- goal
Digital Storytelling
(Dillingham, Ohler 2003)
realization, decision?
Problem (tension)
Solution (resolution)
Beginning
Ordinary life…
“the call to adventure…” closure
“Life” resumes…
VPS + realization/decision = personal story
Middle
End
(conflict, growth)- challenge - opportunity
- goal
Digital Storytelling
(Dillingham, Ohler 2003)
learning? growth?
Inquiry (tension)
Discovery (resolution)
Beginning
Ordinary life…
“the call to adventure…” closure
“Life” resumes…
VPS + learning = curriculum story
Middle
End
(conflict, growth)- challenge - opportunity
- goal
Digital Storytelling
Make students heroes of their own learning stories…
Digital Storytelling
(Dillingham, Ohler 2003)
artistic growth?
Inspiration (tension)
Realization(resolution)
Beginning
Ordinary life…
“the call to adventure…” closure
“Life” resumes…
VPS + creative focus = art story
Middle(conflict, growth)
End
- challenge - opportunity
- goal
Digital Storytelling
Story mapping…
1. Maps the emotional flow of story…
2. Shows relationship between events and story elements…
Digital Storytelling
Story mapping…
1. Maps the emotional flow of story…
2. Shows relationship between events and story elements…
3. Happens early in project…teacher can challenge
4. Is simple, no tech required…
Digital Storytelling
Story mapping…
1. Maps the emotional flow of story…
2. Shows relationship between events and story elements…
3. Happens early in project…teacher can challenge
4. Is simple, no tech required…
5. Story as information container… students understand story rhythm…
Digital Storytelling
Story mapping…
1. Maps the emotional flow of story…
2. Shows relationship between events and story elements…
3. Happens early in project…teacher can challenge
4. Is simple, no tech required…
5. Story as information container… students understand story rhythm…
6. Works with all storytelling, media… high tech, low tech, no tech…
Digital Storytelling
Trans-formation
Digital Storytelling
Transformation?
Problem (tension)
Solution (resolution)
Ordinary life…
closure
“Life” resumes…
What’s the nature of transformation?
Middle(conflict, opportunity)
End
- challenge - opportunity
- goal
Beginning
Digital Storytelling
8 Levels of character transformation…1. Physical/kinesthetic - strength, dexterity,
realizing potential
2. Inner strength - courage, realizing potential
Digital Storytelling
8 Levels of character transformation…1. Physical/kinesthetic - strength, dexterity,
realizing potential
2. Inner strength - courage, realizing potential
3. Emotional - maturity, realization
4. Moral - conscience, realizing “right”
Digital Storytelling
8 Levels of character transformation…1. Physical/kinesthetic - strength, dexterity,
realizing potential
2. Inner strength - courage, realizing potential
3. Emotional - maturity, realization
4. Moral - conscience, realizing “right”
5. Psychological - insight, self-awareness, realization, revelation
6. Social - realizing responsibility
Digital Storytelling
8 Levels of character transformation…1. Physical/kinesthetic - strength, dexterity,
realizing potential
2. Inner strength - courage, realizing potential
3. Emotional - maturity, realization
4. Moral - conscience, realizing “right”
5. Psychological - insight, self-awareness, realization, revelation
6. Social - realizing responsibility
7. Intellectual/creative - learning, problem solving, critical thinking, realizing new understandings
8. Spiritual - awakening, revelation
Digital Storytelling
8 Levels of character transformation…1. Physical/kinesthetic - strength, dexterity,
realizing potential
2. Inner strength - courage, realizing potential
3. Emotional - maturity, realization
4. Moral - conscience, realizing “right”
5. Psychological - insight, self-awareness, realization, revelation
6. Social - realizing responsibility
7. Intellectual/creative - learning, problem solving, critical thinking, realizing new understandings
8. Spiritual - awakening, revelation
Digital Storytelling
Bloom’s taxonomy as transformation…Level Kind Explanation
#6 Evaluation Character assesses situation, critiques and/or defends idea, person; evaluates a situation in order to respond to it…
#5 Synthesis Character pieces together parts to form new understanding of situation…
#4 Analysis Character deconstructs a situation, distinguishes among options, plans or organizes something, compares and contrasts different things…
#3 Application Character discovers, constructs or changes something; applies understanding to a new situation…
#2 Comprehension Character explains, interprets, predicts something…
#1 Knowledge Character knows, remembers, describes something…
William Tell and the Little Girl Who Could Fix Computers…”
“
(I tell a story… we debrief)
Digital Storytelling
Show “Rolling Ball”
Tx to Glen Bledsoe
www.jasonOhler.com
Digital Storytelling
Future of digital storytelling
Digital Storytelling
Assessing digital stories
Digital Storytelling
Assessment• story• content• technique• clarity/voice• tone/flow/POV• media blend• literacy• artifacts
Digital Storytelling
Story on the digital stage is just tip of artifact/assessment iceberg…
Assessment
Digital Storytelling
Beneath story: storyboards, story maps, scripts, photos, footage, music, logs, media lists, narratives, treatments…lots of writing “under the radar”…if it ain’t on the page…
Story on the digital stage is just tip of artifact/assessment iceberg…
Assessment
Digital Storytelling
DAOW of literacy…
Digital storytelling blends a number of literacies…
Digital Storytelling
•effective, creative, and wise…
•why, when and when not, as well as what and how to…
•media literacy…
DAOW of literacy…digital
Digital Storytelling
Media literacy•“Media acts as frame, filter on the world while appearing to be a clear window”… GOODMAN
Digital Storytelling
Media literacy•“Media acts as frame, filter on the world while appearing to be a clear window”… GOODMAN
•Piercing the neocortex… techniques of media persuasion…
Digital Storytelling
Media literacy•“Media acts as frame, filter on the world while appearing to be a clear window”… GOODMAN
•Piercing the neocortex… techniques of media persuasion…
•Understanding media by doing media…
Digital Storytelling
Media literacy•“Media acts as frame, filter on the world while appearing to be a clear window”… GOODMAN
•Piercing the neocortex… techniques of media persuasion…
•Understanding media by doing media…
•Traditional literacy IS media literacy; V 2.0 essays = advertising…
Digital Storytelling
DAOW of literacy…art
•4th R…
•design, the grammar of art…
•storytelling = mixed media...
Digital Storytelling
timeless skills…
DAOW of literacy…oral
•timeless skills…
•works with no, low and high tech…
•improves expression…
•video encourages storytelling…
•expectation of presentation…
Digital Storytelling
if it ain’t on the page…
DAOW of literacy…written
•if it ain’t on the page…
•language of shared plans…
•narratives, ideas, scripts, etc…
•deep processing…
Digital Storytelling
Show Hannah Davis story…
Digital Storytelling
Thinking about stories…•Stories are dangerous•What stories do•Making a story work
Digital Storytelling
Stories are dangerousArt Theater vs. Political theater
VS.
From Good Ideas Need Love Too by Alan Kay
Digital Storytelling
Story thinking vs. Analytic thinking
VS.
Two kinds of thinking
Digital Storytelling
Report/ DocumentaryStory
Two kinds of thinking
VS.
Story thinking vs. Analytic thinking
Where…? ?
Digital Storytelling
Story spine by Kenn AdamsThe platform • Once upon a time…
• Every day…
The catalyst: • But one day…
The consequences:
• Because of that…
• Because of that…
• Because of that…
The climax: • Until finally…
The resolution: • Ever since then…
• The moral of this story is…
by Adams
Digital Storytelling
Story telling in business & organizations…
Digital Storytelling
Other kinds of stories…
?
Digital Storytelling
Other kinds of stories…- non-universal stories…
Barre Toelken, Director of the Folklore Program, Utah University
- circular, non-linear stories… House Made of Dawn (Momaday), Pulp Fiction, If You Give a Mouse…
- user-driven stories, games- learn rules, break rules…
my photography teacher
- experience all kinds of stories, make your own maps…
ending #1…?
ending #2…?
Digital Storytelling
Other kinds of stories…Choose your metaphor
- a poem? short story?
- an academic explanation?
- news report?
- a TV episode? a rock video?
- an ad? PSA?
- a personal narrative?
Digital Storytelling
Time check…
What’s left?
Digital Storytelling
Thinking about the production process...
amplifier effect tech teaching tips rule of 80/20 media grammar
Digital Storytelling
First 80%Last 20%
20%
las
t 8
0 %
- project completion -
Rule of 80/20
- co
sts,
reso
urc
es
-
Digital Storytelling
First 80%Last 20%
20%
las
t 8
0 %
glitz, fixing every little thing…
the production wall
- project completion -
Hitting the production wall
Rule of 80/20
- co
sts,
reso
urc
es
-
Digital Storytelling
First 80%Last 20%
20%
las
t 8
0 %
- co
sts,
reso
urc
es
-
My advice?
Forget the last 20%!!!
- project completion -
Rule of 80/20
Digital Storytelling
• lighting…
• sound…
• steady shots…
• mixing…
• CRAP design (Williams)
• …unless on purpose…
Media grammar…
‘Media have their own grammar…’McLuhan
Digital Storytelling
Elements of the production process...
1. Step one?
2. Step two?
3...then what?
Digital Storytelling
Pre-production Production
Post-production
Performance Distribution
•ideas, story storm
•VPS•peer pitch•storyboard, scripting
•make media list
•gather materials
•make voiceover, music
•take pics, video
•scan pics, objects
•formative review by peers, teachers
•edit media•assemble all media into one product
•mix, add transitions, titles
•final edit of product
•credits, citations
•showing in class, community
•web posting
•local TV?•JUMP•DVD?•notifying others
- GOING DIGITAL, BASIC PROCESS -
Digital Storytelling
Pre-production Production
Performance Distribution
•get recipe•consult others
•read through process
•gather ingredients
•make dough
•make frosting
•assemble•bake•let cool
•frost•decorate•add candles•credits, citations for those who helped
•cut the cake
•distribute, share
•seconds anyone?
•take leftovers to work
•share recipe
- MAKING A CAKE, BASIC PROCESS -Post-production
Digital Storytelling
Typical digital story (for now)•2-4 minutes•uses “standard” (usually cheap) end user gear
•still pictures (scanned objects, old photos, digital photos)
•voice-over narration•titles, transitions, music
Digital Storytelling
Emerging digital stories…•video, green screen… •oral storytelling, original art, music…
•voice-over animation…•VR? holography? haptics? etc?•interactivity, games…•distributed, shared stories…
…whatever comes, we will tell find ways to tell stories with it…
Digital Storytelling
Digital
Where…?
Traditional DEOST
?Media scale
• performance, role of human voice…?• level, role of technology…?• amount, kind of editing…?
Kinds of digital stories…
Digital Storytelling
Finding resources…
Digital Storytelling
- images, pictures…
- voice-over; self, interviews
- software additions: transitions and titles…
- music, sounds, noises, found sound…
- video, animation perhaps…
Basic ingredients?
Digital Storytelling
- digital photos…
- web images © …
- image services…
- scanned images…
- scanned things…
- video, video still shots…
Finding images…?
Digital Storytelling
- photos, greeting cards, letters, report cards, personal papers…
- fabric, jewelry, keys, watches, medals…any small object…
- flowers, leaves, book covers, hair braids, drawings, mementos, art work, wall paper… anything
Adapted from DIGITALES by Bernajean Porter
What can you scan…?
Digital Storytelling
- lesson plans, portfolios…
- student work, text books…
- parent comments, school board minutes, report cards…
- primary, secondary sources…
- web sites, blogs…
Curriculum images…?
Digital Storytelling
- voice over, interviews, poetry readings, sound track from old videos, web sounds, effects…
Whence come sounds, music?
Digital Storytelling
- voice over, interviews, poetry readings, sound track from old videos, web sounds, effects…
- CDs, web, movies ©, GarageBand etc., singing, playing…friends…
Whence come sounds, music?
Digital Storytelling
- voice over, interviews, poetry readings, sound track from old videos, web sounds, effects…
- CDs, web, movies ©, GarageBand etc., singing, playing…friends…
- found sounds, recording and/or processing sounds…
Whence come sounds, music?
Digital Storytelling
- animationstation.com- backgroundcity.com- creativecommons.org- freefoto.com- freegraphics.com- freephotographs.net- fresherimage.com- office/microsoft.com- pics4learning.com- stockedphotos.com
- freemusic.com- freeplaymusic.com- Google (burp+sound)- ljudo.com- pacdy.com/sounds/
index.html- sounddogs.com- stonewashed.net/sfx.htm
- wavecentral.com
Graphics Sounds, music
Web resources…?
• Works, pictures, diagrams and web resources referenced in presentations are identified in the following slides.
• Those referenced in black are those more often used in the “Digital Storytelling” presentation. Those referenced in red are those more often used in the “Then What?” presentation. Those referenced in green are those more often used in the “Teachies are from Venus, Techies are from Mars” presentation. However, presentations are always in a state of evolution, and any resource may appear in any presentation.
• Every effort has been made to identify sources, obtain permission, provide compensation when required, and respect copyright.
• You are free to use the content in this presentation for non-commercial, in-house, informal purposes. Please include this “works cited” section if you do.
• Feel free to contact me.
Works cited
Diagrams, books cited
Bloom, Benjamin, and David Krathwohl. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. New York: Longmans, Green, 1956.
Breneman, Lucille, and Bren Breneman. Once Upon a Time - A Storytelling Handbook. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1983.
Brown, John Seely, Stephen Denning, Katalina Groh, and Laurence Prusak. Storytelling in Organizations. Oxford: Heinemann, 2005.
Campbell, Joseph, and Krathwohl. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973.
Denning, Stephen. The Springboard - How Storytelling Ignites Action in Knowledge-Era Organizations. Oxford: Heinemann, 2001.
Dillingham, Brett. "Performance Literacy." The Reading Teacher. Sept. 2005: 72-75.
Egan, Kiernan, and . Teaching as Story Telling. Chicago: Chicago Press, 1989.
Freytag. Die Technik des Dramas (Technique of Drama). 1863.
Goodman, Steven. Teaching Youth Media. New York: Teacher's College Press, 2003.
Works cited
Diagrams, books cited, continued…
Kay, A. (1996). “Revealing the elephant: The use and misuse of computers in education.”Sequence, 31(4), 1-2.
Lambert, Joe. Digital Storytelling Cookbook and Traveling Companion. 3 ed. Berkeley: Digital Diner Press, 2003.
McKee, John. Story- Substance, Structure, Style and the Principles of Screenwriting. New York: HarperCollins, 1997.
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
MomaDay, N. Scott. House Made of Dawn. New York: HarperCollins, 1969.
Nueroff, Laura Joffe. If You Give a Mouse a Cookie: New York: Laura Geringer, 1985.
Porter, Bernajean. Digitales: The Art of Telling Digital Stories. Sedalia: Porter Publications, 2004.
Simmons, Annette. The Story Factor. Cambridge: Perseus Books, 1997.
Tarantino, Quentin. Pulp Fiction. 1994.
Telford, Kenneth. Aristotle Poetics, Translation and Analysis. Chicago: Regenery, 1970.
Theodosakis, Nikos. Director in the Classroom. San Diego: Tech4Learning Publishing, 2001.
Toelken, Barre. "The Icebergs of Folktale: Misconception, Misuse, Abuse." Who Says? Essays on Pivotal Issues in Contemporary Storytelling. Ed. Carol Birch. Little Rock: August House, 1996. 35-63.
Works cited, cont.
Resources citedGraphics, photos, from Clipart.com (thru an annual fee):• Alarm clock: 21767547-alarmClock.jpg• Angry lady: fear-anger-lady-19066489.jpg• Art the artitst: peck048j.thb.jpg• Baby with luminescent computer: 32354173babyComputer.jpg• Ball and chain: BallAndChain-1835320.jpg• Brainstorming: sy17981.thb.brainstorm.jpg• Comedy-tragedy-masks: 21724700drama.thb.jpg• Committee: 2359488committee.jpg• Virtual Community: g0166537.thb-virtual-community.jpg• Computer director: 20856935director.jpg• Credo: crctr573.thb.oldman.jpg• Crowd: 2541410.crowd.jpg• Digital camera (part of media collage in bubble): 20076414digital.jpg• Dragon on knight’s chest: 14697971dragon.jpg• Fear cartoon: 14753071-fear.jpg• GarageSale-Stuff: 1722608.garage.sale5.jpg• Guy with idea light bulb: 3049773-idea.jpg• Guy balancing computers: 20207046.thb-balance.jpg• Hammerguy: Microsoft stock clip art• Hearts arguing; 20436442-heartsArguing.jpg• Kid in movie theater: 19016181theater.jpg• Kid painting: kid-painting-20160430.gif• Kid thinking 30899756kidThinking.thb.jpg• Kid with A+ paper: 22316907evaluation.thb.jpg
Resources, cont.Graphics, photos, from Clipart.com (thru an annual fee):• Kid with magnifying glass: 19121841evaluation2.jpg.• Kids behind Edwina: 4144104.happy.children.jpg.• Kim: 3242484.cyber-chick3.jpg; composite, all elments unknown.• Knight: 19884228knight.jpg.• Looking For: 21031472lookingFor.jpg.• Man crawling: 00a.thm.man.crawling.gif.• Man and son: 1840568.father.and.son.jpg.• Man Hitting computer: 14727973.hitting.computer.jpg.• Mind, Idea, lightbulb: 3049773-idea.jpg.• Mr. Big: weath031.thb.mr.big.jpg.• Mr. Big’s lawn chair: 1943880.lawn.chair.jpg.• Ouch: Ouch-22029918.jpgstairs.jpg.• Puppet stage: punchnjudy-22091633.gif.• School bus: 21071624-schoolBus.jpg.• Storyteller to child in bed, g0165059.thb.• Sunglasses on kid: 21793429sunglasses.jpg.• Sunglasses: 20677551sunglasses.jpg.• Sunset (Arizona Magazine): 1116818.sunset.jpg.• Teacher in purple jacket; file name unknown.• Theater audience: 19016493theaterAudience.jpg.• Willamina: wrkwm069.thb.preacher.woman-1.jpg.• William on ledge of objectivity: 741289.mr.big.ledge.jpg.• Woman storyteller: g0165059.thb.storytelling.jpg.• Yin-yang-3074759.jpg.
Resources, cont.Graphics, photos, from sources other than Clipart.com:• 4Ts lady: source unknown.• Brad Pitt photo: int001y.jpg; site unknown.• Computer heads, man & woman: source unknown.• Cow lips: http://212.43.196.62/pix/pix_tn/CowLips.jpg• Crazy man: crazy.jpg; source unknown.• Edwina Tech: basic-info-librarians.gif; origin unknown.• Fourth R on easel - citation lost.• Hannah, with permission from parents.• Oil can man: source unknown.• Picture of Don King/Howard Dean on stage before a crowd, from Chris Bischoff
(chris@clbischoff.com).• Savoonga kids (with permission from parents), 1997.• Sticking tongue out (baby)- source unknown.• Then What? cover, by Jeri Smith, 2001.
Resources, cont.Graphics, photos, from other sources other than Clipart.com:• Totem Pole picture by Dodge, Jack and Mary. "picture of Mary at totem pole ." Travel:
Americas: US: Alaska, Kenai Fjords. June 2004. jackandmaryetc.com. 07 Apr. 2006. <http://jackmaryetc.com/Travel/US/Alaska/Alaska1.htm>.
• Wearing computer: Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 11, November, 1998 WearComp as a new framework for Intelligent Signal Processing Steve Mann, 1998 (found at http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://wearcam.org/wearcomp4small.jpg&imgrefurl=http://wearcam.org/hi/&h=1024&w=700&sz=68&tbnid=vX8sgpcVWZtccM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=102&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwearcomp%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG).
Web sources citedCopyright source info from web
1. Harper, Georgia. "Fair Use Guidelines For Educational Multimedia." Multimedia Fair Use Guideline (CCUMU). University of Texas General Counsel Office. 04 Apr. 2006 <http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectualproperty/ccmcguid.htm#5>.
2. "Copyright Basics." Copyright Kids!. Copyright Kids. 04 Apr. 2006 <http://www.copyrightkids.org/cbasicsframes.htm>.
3. "Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format." OWL at Purdue University: Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format. Online Writing Lab (OWL), Purdue University. 03 Apr. 2006 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html>.
Other resources
• Adams, Kenn. The Story Spine. One source for this is: <http://www.creativityzone.ca/ResourceZone_Subpages/Games_Subpages/01.html>
• Christenson, Michael. Adapt-a-Map, story map created of an advertisement for Media Literacy class, 2005.
• Microsoft clipart.• Storyboard template: <http://www.csupomona.edu/~wcweber/325/storybd.htm>
This is version 5 of this presentation. Original file name: dst-V5.ppt. Saved online as dst-master.ppt. Last modified April 22, 2006.