DISEASE OF POULTRYDISEASE OF POULTRYطیور های طیور بیماری های بیماری

اول اول قسمت قسمت

وبالگ از وبالگ ارائه از ::ارائه

www.wops.tkwww.wops.tk

ANTE MORTEM INSPECTIONANTE MORTEM INSPECTION

At the farm before transportation to the slaughterhouse the poultry At the farm before transportation to the slaughterhouse the poultry flock must be examined by veterinarian.flock must be examined by veterinarian.

A certificate must be composed on the results of this inspection and A certificate must be composed on the results of this inspection and the pre-life of the flockthe pre-life of the flock

If the certificate is available – and it is negative – and it does not If the certificate is available – and it is negative – and it does not indicate the necessity of special measures, the ante mortem inspection indicate the necessity of special measures, the ante mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse will include the identification of transported at the slaughterhouse will include the identification of transported flock and control of injuries took place during transportation, flock and control of injuries took place during transportation, furthermore the examination of dead birds.furthermore the examination of dead birds.

Based on these data and examinations the veterinarian decides whether Based on these data and examinations the veterinarian decides whether the flock will be submitted to normal or special slaughter or further the flock will be submitted to normal or special slaughter or further special examination.special examination.

Notifiable DiseasesNotifiable Diseases

Former Former O.I.E. list A O.I.E. list A – Newcastle diseaseNewcastle disease (Paramyxovirus) (Paramyxovirus)– Avian influenzaAvian influenza (Orthomyxovirus) (Orthomyxovirus)– Duck plaqueDuck plaque (Herpesvirus) (Herpesvirus)

Former Former O.I. E. listO.I. E. list BB– Fowl choleraFowl cholera

– Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid

In case of these diseases the flock is slaughtered separatelyIn case of these diseases the flock is slaughtered separately – mostly at the end of the day- – mostly at the end of the day- as it is not condemned as it is not condemned

Diseases of Poultry Diseases of Poultry Zoonosis Zoonosis

ParatyphParatyphoidoid (Salmonellosis, except typhoid) (Salmonellosis, except typhoid) CampylobacteriosisCampylobacteriosis ChlamydiosisChlamydiosis TuberculosisTuberculosis /Anthrax//Anthrax/

Inspection of the surfaceInspection of the surface

injuries (as consequences of transportation)injuries (as consequences of transportation) inflammation of skininflammation of skin

arthritisarthritissynovitissynovitis

(infection of Staph (infection of Staphylococcusylococcus aureus) aureus) Marek’s disease (skin form)Marek’s disease (skin form)

Inspection ofInspection of visceralvisceral organs organs and the and the bodybody cavitycavity

Bacterial infectionsBacterial infections

Salmonellosis (Fowl typhoid)Salmonellosis (Fowl typhoid) Pasteurellosis (Fowl cholera)Pasteurellosis (Fowl cholera) E. coliE. coli septicaemia septicaemia StaphylococcosisStaphylococcosis StreptococcosisStreptococcosis

SepticaemiaSepticaemia

hhaemorrhages and/or fibrinous aemorrhages and/or fibrinous inflammation on seromembranesinflammation on seromembranes– pleuritispleuritis

– pericarditispericarditis

– air sacculitisair sacculitis

liver, spleen conditions:liver, spleen conditions:– enlargedenlarged

– friable (associated with subcapsular haemorrhages)friable (associated with subcapsular haemorrhages)

lungs,lungs, intestines, genitalsintestines, genitals

ParatyphoidParatyphoid (Salmonellosis)(Salmonellosis)ZoonosisZoonosis S. EnteritidisS. Enteritidis

S. TyphimuriumS. Typhimurium S. InfantisS. Infantis S. HadarS. Hadar S. AgonaS. Agona S. Saint-paulS. Saint-paul S. Bovis-morbificansS. Bovis-morbificans …etc. …etc.

Gram negative rods with filamentsGram negative rods with filaments SSensitivityensitivity:: 70° C 5 min 70° C 5 min

fresh meat - 2-3 weeksfresh meat - 2-3 weeksfrozen meat - yearsfrozen meat - years

PathologyPathology:: septicaemia (enlarged spleen, liver, septicaemia (enlarged spleen, liver, necrotic foci, enteritis (fibrinous inflammation necrotic foci, enteritis (fibrinous inflammation in caecum! - water fowl! )in caecum! - water fowl! )

Total condemned for human Total condemned for human cconsumption!onsumption! Slaughterhouse hygenie, household hygenieSlaughterhouse hygenie, household hygenie

(contamination!)(contamination!)

Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid

Salmonella Gallinarum/PullorumSalmonella Gallinarum/Pullorumadapted to special hostadapted to special hostGram negative rods without any filamentsGram negative rods without any filaments

sensitive to 70sensitive to 70°°C 5 minC 5 minin fresh meat for 2-4 monthin fresh meat for 2-4 monthin frozen meat for yearsin frozen meat for yearsin water for 4-6 weeksin water for 4-6 weeks

Germinative transmission!Germinative transmission!

Pathology:Pathology:

eenlarged spleennlarged spleen liver within small necrotic foci liver within small necrotic foci

white-grey (necrotic) nodules in myocardiumwhite-grey (necrotic) nodules in myocardium in lungs in lungs in intestine in intestine

fibrinous inflammation of seromembranesfibrinous inflammation of seromembranes degenerated follicles on ovary, salpingitis degenerated follicles on ovary, salpingitis arthritisarthritis

Poultry meat is partial condemned for Poultry meat is partial condemned for human consumptionhuman consumption

only the affected areas are condemnedonly the affected areas are condemned(mostly the parenchymal organs and (mostly the parenchymal organs and intestines - in case of arthritis the legs are intestines - in case of arthritis the legs are removed)removed)

Small intestine, caecum, liverSmall intestine, caecum, liver

white-grey necrotic nodules in white-grey necrotic nodules in myocardium (myocardium (typhoma)typhoma)

TuberculosisTuberculosisZoonosisZoonosis

Mycobacterium aviumMycobacterium avium Ziehl-Nelsen positive slim rodZiehl-Nelsen positive slim rodss Main character: Main character: acid- and alcohol-fastnessacid- and alcohol-fastness SSensitivity: (Pasteur)ensitivity: (Pasteur)

• 85°C - 1 sec85°C - 1 sec• 72-76°C - 14-45 sec72-76°C - 14-45 sec• 62-65°C - 30 min62-65°C - 30 min

Domesticated birds: Domesticated birds: adultadult only onlywildwild- exotic - exotic birdsbirds (ZOO) (ZOO), ostrich, ostrich

Pathology:Pathology: bad conditionbad conditiongrey-yellow nodules of varying sizes in grey-yellow nodules of varying sizes in - diff. organs- diff. organs- intestines- intestines- bone marrow- bone marrow

Condemned for human consumptionCondemned for human consumption

ColibacillosisColibacillosis

Gram negative rodsGram negative rods ssepticaemiaepticaemia coligranulomatosis (intestine,coligranulomatosis (intestine, mesenterium) mesenterium) CRD (CRD (Chronic Respiratory Disease)Chronic Respiratory Disease)

Partial condemned for human consumptionPartial condemned for human consumption

Fibrin Fibrin liver, heartliver, heart((Mycoplasma, E. coliMycoplasma, E. coli))

Fibrin Fibrin (heart, intestine)(heart, intestine)

Chronic Respiratory DiseaseChronic Respiratory DiseaseMycoplasmosisMycoplasmosis

Mycoplasma gallisepticumMycoplasma gallisepticum Mycoplasma synoviaeMycoplasma synoviae Mycoplasma meleagridisMycoplasma meleagridis Mycoplasma iowaeMycoplasma iowae Mycoplasma anserisMycoplasma anseris Mycoplasma cloacalaeMycoplasma cloacalae Mycoplasma anatumMycoplasma anatum Ureaplasmas Ureaplasmas

Pathogenicy varied, mostly faPathogenicy varied, mostly faccultative pathogen ! ultative pathogen ! In general Mycoplasmas are cIn general Mycoplasmas are colonizing mucosal olonizing mucosal

surfacessurfaces They are They are associated with bacteria and/or virusesassociated with bacteria and/or viruses

(respiratory virus infection, (respiratory virus infection, E. coliE. coli, , OrnithobacteriumOrnithobacterium..)..)

sstresstressimmunsuppression (viral diseases, mycotoxins..)immunsuppression (viral diseases, mycotoxins..)

Fowl cholera/PasteurellosisFowl cholera/Pasteurellosis

Mainly in turkey, water fowlMainly in turkey, water fowl Pasteurella multocidaPasteurella multocida acute form acute form

chronic formchronic form Gram negative coccoid-rodsGram negative coccoid-rods

Sensitivity: 60°C 2 minSensitivity: 60°C 2 min PathologyPathology: septicaemia: septicaemia

arthritis arthritis salpingitis salpingitis fibrinopurulent meningitisfibrinopurulent meningitis fibrinous fibrinous inflammation of phallusinflammation of phallus

Septicaemia - condemnedSepticaemia - condemned

Chronic form: partial condemnChronic form: partial condemnationation (except cachexia) (except cachexia)

Petechiae in the heart of goosePetechiae in the heart of goose(pasteurellosis, erysipelas, asphyxia)(pasteurellosis, erysipelas, asphyxia)

Necrotic foci in the liver gooseNecrotic foci in the liver goose(pasteurellosis, erysipelas)(pasteurellosis, erysipelas)

ErysipelasErysipelas

Water fowlWater fowl Erysipelothrix rhusiopatiaeErysipelothrix rhusiopatiae

Gram Gram positivepositive rod rodsssensitivity: mildsensitivity: mild

ssepticaemiaepticaemia Diff. diagn.: PasteurellosisDiff. diagn.: Pasteurellosis ( (septicaemiasepticaemia)) Partial condemnPartial condemnationation for human consumption for human consumption

StaphylococcosisStaphylococcosis

Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureusGram positive coccusGram positive coccus

UUbiquiter, pathogen if biquiter, pathogen if entersenters through the skin or through the skin or mucosmucosalal membranes membranes

Pathology: Pathology: septicaemiasepticaemia – young birds – young birds arthritis, periarthritisarthritis, periarthritis synovitis, osteomyelitissynovitis, osteomyelitis - adult - adult

gangrenous dermatitis gangrenous dermatitis (wings, legs)(wings, legs) in broilers in broilers

Condemned or partial condemnCondemned or partial condemnationation

CampylobacteriosisCampylobacteriosisZoonosisZoonosis

Campylobacter jejuniCampylobacter jejuniC. coliC. coli

Microaerophyl, Gram negative, mild sensitivityMicroaerophyl, Gram negative, mild sensitivity It is an intestinal commeIt is an intestinal commensalnsal in broiler breeders, layer- in broiler breeders, layer-

type breeders, turkey.type breeders, turkey. Hepatitis (enteritis) in poultryHepatitis (enteritis) in poultry

Enteritis in human Enteritis in human Slaughterhouse and household hygiene!Slaughterhouse and household hygiene!

Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis)Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis)ZoonosisZoonosis

Chlamydia psittaciChlamydia psittaci IntracellularIntracellular Pigeon, Pigeon, turkeys, ducks, turkeys, ducks, gees, pheasantgees, pheasant Inhaling dust from feces or featherInhaling dust from feces or feather Slaughterhouse hygenie Slaughterhouse hygenie

AnthraxAnthraxZoonosisZoonosis

It occurs It occurs rarely in birdsrarely in birds where the disease where the disease is is endemicendemic..

Chicken are highly resistant.Chicken are highly resistant. Ducks occasionally Ducks occasionally showshow the disease the disease OstrichesOstriches are moderately susceptible, often are moderately susceptible, often

with high mortality. with high mortality.