Diseases

Otitis Media

• Middle Ear infection

s/sx-Pain, vertigo, fever

Meniere’s Disease

Increase in inner ear causing:

-hearing loss

-vertigo

-tinnitus

-pain

Aphasia-Total or partial loss of the ability to use/understand language

Expressive aphasia- can’t send out thoughts

• Receptive Aphasia- can’t understand

Apraxia

• Can’t coordinate muscles for speaking

Glaucoma

• Increase pressure in eye damaging optic nerve causing vision loss-blindness

Cataracts

• Clouding of the lens- appears to be looking through dirty window

Macular degeneration

• Blurs central vision

Diabetic retinopathy

• Blood vessels in eye damaged causing blurred vision- blindness

Cancer

• Abnormal growth of cells• Many types-primary• secondary-(Metastasis)Terms: Tumor• Benign• Malignant• Goals: Cure• Control• Palliation

Cancer treatment

• Surgery• Chemotherapy• Radiation• Bone marrow transplant• Hormones• Immunotherapy

• ** single or combination of therapies

Skin disorders

• Shingles- Herpes zoster

Musculoskeletal Diseases

• Osteoarthritis- overuse of joints,

• Joints wear out

• s/sx: stiffness, pain, swelling, tenderness

• Tx: pain relief, exercise, rest, wgt control

• joint replacement

•

Rheumatoid Arthritis

s/sx: painful, tender, swollen, red, poor ROM, fever, fatigue, deformities, herberden nodes

Tx: rest, splints, medication

Osteoporosis

• s/sx: back pain, loss of hgt,

• stooped posture,

• spontaneous fractures

• Treatment: prevention- exercise

• calcium/medications

Fractures

• Open-

• Closed-

Fracture treatment

Fraction treatment con’tTraction

Cast care

• Do not cover• Keep dry• Do not stick things in it• Elevate until swelling decreases• Report: pain, edema, pale/cool skin• cyanosis, numbness/tingling• drainage, temperatue

Hip fractures

• Treatment:

Rules for hip replacement

• No flexion > 90 degrees

• No hip adduction- abductor pillow

• No external rotation

• Raised toilet seats

• Get out on unaffected side

• Do not cross legs

Amputations-loss of a limb

Nervous system changes with age

• Slower doing tasks – impulses slower

• Balance & coordination issues-deterioration of nerves

• Awake at night

• Lose brain cells

• Decrease sensitivity

Stroke/CVA (Cerebral Vascular Attack)

What happens?

• Tissue death of brain due to no oxygen

Warning signs of stroke• Headache, confusion, blurred vision,

drooping eye/face, paralysis

TIA Transient Ischemic Attack

• Warning sign stroke may be coming

• s/sx comes and goes

CVA risk factors

Effects of a CVA

Types of aphasia

• Expressive

• Receptive

• expressive-receptive

Treatment for stroke

• Therapy:

Parkinson's disease• Slow progressive disease with no cure

• Brain degenerates

Multiple Sclerosis

• Chronic disease – myelin is destroyed-nerve impulses don’t travel correctly

s/sx& Tx. of MS

• Begin @ age 20-40

Spinal Cord Injuries

Seizures

Respiratory changes with age

• Lung capacity decreases d/t muscle stiffness

• Decrease cough- increase mucous in lungs- increase pneumonia/infections

• SOB with exertion

• Size of airway decreases- increase risk of choking

• Fatigue

NA roles

Respiratory DisordersCOPD

• Includes 3 disorders: – Chronic Bronchitis– Emphysema– Asthma

Chronic Bronchitis

• Inflammation of bronchi

Emphysema

• The alveoli enlarge & are less elastic

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide can’t exchange

Asthma

• Airway narrows when exposed to allergens,

• emotional stress,

respiratory infections

• Physical activity

• Cold air

Pneumonia

• Inflammation of lung tissue-

• lungs fill with fluid

TB- tuberculosis

• Bacterial infection of lungs- highly contagious

Treatment of TB

Cardiovascular changes with age

• Heart pumps less efficiently

• Heart can’t meet needs

• Arteries lose elasticity• BP increases• Blood flow to brain &

organs decrease• Veins less efficient-

legs change color

• May not tolerate exercise

• BP & fluid balance problems

• Dizziness with position change

Cardiovascular DiseasesHypertension

• Resting BP > 140/90

• Pre-hypertension: BP 120-139/80-89

• Risk factors

Treatment of HTN

Coronary artery Disease (CAD)atherosclerosis

• Coronary arteries narrow decrease blood flow to the heart

• Leads to angina & MI

Risk factors of CAD

• Same as hypertension

Angina Pectorischest pain

• Pain from decrease blood flow to heart

• Warning heart not getting enough oxygen

Myocardial InfarctionHeart Attack

• s/sx:

Heart FailureCHF

• s/sx: edema, cough, SOB, fatigue

NA actions for cardiovascular changes

Changes in urinary system

• Kidneys decrease in size• Urine production less efficient• Bladder size decrease• Increase urination @ night• Weak bladder muscles• Enlarged prostate• Incontinence-cause odor, bedsores• UTI-confusion 1st sign

NA roles

• Increase fluids• Record output• Toilet frequently• Report to RN:

color, odor of urine frequent urination in small amt. pain/burning with urination difficulty urinating incontinence

UTI-urinary tract infection

• Infection somewhere in the urinary system

• Cystitis

• Nephritis

• pyelonephritis

• Urethritis

• Ureteritis

UTI causes

• Sexual intercourse

• Wipe back to front

Urinary diversions

• ureterostomy

Renal Calculi

• Risk factors:

Renal calculi s/sx

• Back/abdominal pain

• N/V

• Fever/chills

• Urgency

• Frequency

• Hematuria

• oliguria

Treatment of renal calculi

Renal Failure

• Acute vs chronic:

• s/sx: oliguria

• Treatments: fluid restriction

• treat cause

•

Endocrine system changes with age

• Prone to fluid and electrolyte imbalance

• Vitamin deficiencies

• Risk of malnutrition

• Risk of type 2 diabetes

• Risk of hypothermia increase 6 x

• Risk of hyperthermia

Diabetescan’t produce insulin

• Type I – pancreas produces little or no insulin- must take insulin

• Type II- occurs in adult, body makes insulin but can’t utilize correctly

• Gestational diabetes: caused by pregnancy

Risk factors of diabetes

Hypoglycemia

• Weak, fast pulse, low BP, confusion

• Vision changes. Clammy skin

Hyperglycemia

• Weakness, flushed face, labored breathing, weak pulse, low BP

Treatment

• hyperglycemia • hypoglycemia

Digestive DisordersDiverticulosis

GERD- gastroesophageal reflux

Gallstones

• Pain in upper abd.

• Pain back b/t shoulder blades

• Pain lasts > 5 hours

• N/V

• Chills/fever

Hepatitis

• Hepatitis A- fecal –oral

• Hepatitis B/C-blood/body fluids