Post on 27-Oct-2014
transcript
Diversity in living organisms
By: lakshya bansalClass 9th BRoll No. 05
ClassificationEarly Attempts at ClassificationOrganisms need to be grouped
into meaningful categoriesOver time categorization has
become much more specific and simplified
Naming organismsJohn Ray - first to use the term
“species”SPECIES - Organisms that are
similar in shape/structure and they reproduce with each other to create viable offspring
EvolutionEvolution or change
over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
Charles Darwin first described this idea of evolution in 1859 in his book origin of species .
Seven classification groups of living thingsKingdomPhylumClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies
Two Kingdom System
Two kingdom system was given by a famous taxonomist Linnaeus ( also known as father of taxonomy ).
the two kingdoms which were given by him were Plantea and Animalia.
KingdomsGiven by Linnaeus
PLANTEA ANIMALIA
Five Kingdom system
Some scientist encloses Euglena in a room where no light or air can come. Being a plant euglena should die. But it doesn't happened and it still alive. This means it`s must be a heterotrophic. On this basis scientist think of more kingdoms.
Who gave five kingdoms ??? Whittaker an another taxonomist
introduced the idea of five kingdoms in 1969. He named these kingdoms: Monera, Protista , Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
Monera oldest and most abundant organismProkaryoticUndergo asexual reproductionThey don’t well defined body.Unicellular structureMode of nutrition –heterotropes/autotropes Cell wall is made up of pepidoglycan.EXAMPLE: bacterium, mycoplasma etc.
BACTERIAA structure of bacteria consist of 70
ribosome and a chromosome which is not encloses in nucleus( called prokaryotic) .
ARCHAEBACTERIA: these are very ancient bacteria.
EUBACTERIA: these are more and more modern bacteria ( true bacteria).
Structure of bacteria
BASIC SHAPES OF BACTERIACOCCUS: spherical shapeBACILLUS: rod shapedSPERILLA: spiral shapedVIBRIYO: comma shaped ( , )
Fungus kingdom
EukaryoticMade up of hyphaeNo root, stem and leafNo chlorophyll
◦ Saprophytic or parasiticReproduce by forming sporesCell wall is made up of Chitin.EXAMPLE: yeast, mushrooms etc.
Benefits Of Fungi
Use in making alcoholVarious acidsBread ( yeast )cheese
Protista kingdomUnicellular; microscopicNucleus present
◦EukaryoticAutotrophic or heterotrophicEXAMPLE: amoeba, paramecium,
euglena etc.
PROTISTA
Plant KingdomEukaryoticMost plants contains photosynthetic
pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis◦ Autotrophic
Can be divided into two groups:◦ Non-flowering plants◦ Flowering plants
Thallophyta (thallos- undifferentiated; phyta- plant)
AquaticMay be unicellular or multicellularNo root, stem or leafContain photosynthetic pigments (e.g.
chlorophyll) for photosynthesisVascular tissues are absent.EXAMPLE: algae
Bryophyta (Bryon- moss; phyta- plant)Amphibians of plant kingdom .Have stems & leaves of the
structure.No tissues for water . E.g. –finaria, marchantia
PTERIDOPHYTA
These are green autotrophic plants.
The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
Vascular tissues are present.Sex organs are multicellular.EXAMPLES: ferns, club moss, water
fern etc.
PTERIPHYTES
Gymnosperms
Reproduction by producing seeds◦Seeds develop in
cones, not enclosed by fruits
naked seedsNeedle-shaped
leaves to reduce water loss
EXAMPLE: cycas, pinus etc.
AngiospermsThese are called
flowering plants.These have two
types of plants -MonocotyledonsDicotyledonsWith flowers for
reproductionSeeds are
produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)
TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS
Angiosperms, on the basis of the number of cotyledons present inside the seed, are divided into two classes.
DICOTYLEDONAE1. Seeds contain two cotyledons in the embryo.
2. Leaves are dorsiventral.
3. Tap root is present.
MONOCOTYLEDONAE4. Seeds contain only one cotyledon in the embryo
5. Leaves are isobilateral.
6. Fibrous root system is present.
DIFFERENCE IN GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS
GYMNOSPERMSeeds are naked.Xylem lack
vessels and Phloem lack companion cells.
The ovules are not contained in the ovary.
ANGIOSPERMSeeds are
enclosed bye fruit wall.
Xylem contains vessels and phloem contains companion cell.
The ovules are contained in the ovary.
ANIMALIAGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:• Most complex of all kingdoms
• Multicellular (made of many cells)
• They obtain food from OUTSIDE SOURCES
• They move from place to place to get food
• They swallow their food and they digest food inside the body.
9 Phyla of the Animal kingdom
PoriferaCoelenterata PlathyhelminthesNematodaAnnelidaArthropodaMolluscaEchinodermChordataVertabrata
PORIFERA (porous animals)
They live mostly in the sea.
They have cellular organization.
they are non motile.
The body is porous; the pores are called Ostia.
Mouth and canals are absent.
COELENTERATA (hollow sac animals)
o All coelenterates are found in water. Most of the forms live in the sea.oBody is radially symmetrical.oThey have a tissue level of organization.o Exoskeleton is present.o Reproduction is both asexual as well as sexual.o Coelenterate have a central cavity called coelenterons.EXAMPLE: hydra, physalia, etc.
PLATHYHELMINTHES
Bilateral symmetry of body.
Tissue organizations
Triploblastic. Lack of body cavity.Parasitic animals.Exoskeleton is
absentEXAMPLE: planaria,
liver fluke etc.
Nematoda
Bilaterally symmetricalTriploblasticPseudocoelumTissues present, no real organs presentNormal parasitic e.g.: ascariesFilaria worm EXAMPLE: ascaris, enterobius
AnnelidaTriploblastic, well differentiatedTrue coelum presentWell organized bodySegmentedHabitat – soil, waterEXAMPLE: earthworm, leech
Arthropoda:Makes up 75% of the animal kingdomBasic Characteristics:
hard external skeletonsegmented bodyjointed legs
Ex: beetle, milli & centipede, spider, crab
Molluska:Hard shell surrounding soft body parts
Live in water & damp places
Examples:Snail, & Sea Scallop
Only a few do not have shells: Octopus & Sea slug
Echinoderms:Means “spiny-skin”Star shapedSpinyEx: Starfish & Sea Urchin
ProtochordataLong rod-like structure which
separte the nerve system from gutMuscles helps into movement
attachBilaterally symmetricalTriploblasticBody cavity - e.g. : harmonia,
aphiorus
Vertabrata
Presence of vertebral columnPresence of notochordDorsel nerve chordTriploblastic Body cavity presentThese are grouped into 5 classes
PiscesAquatic organismsStreamlined bodyRespiratory organ – gills Scales are presentTwo chambered heartSkeleton structure
AmphibianOviparousScales presentMucus skin3 chambered heartRespiratory organ: lungs or gillsHabitat – water and landE.g. : toad, frog
ReptillaOviparous, lay egg in landTough skinRespiratory system : Lung 3 chambered heartE.g. : snake, cobra, flying lizards
AvesOviparous, lay egg in landSkin covered with feathersRespiratory organ: lung4 chambered heartE.g. : ostrich, crow, etc
MammalsViviparous, give birth to young
onesRespiratory organ – lung4 chambered heartWarm blooded organismsPresence of sweet, oil, mammary
glands – e.g.: whale, dolphin.
THANK
Y
OU