DNA

transcript

THE WONDERFUL MOLECULE OF LIFETHE WONDERFUL MOLECULE OF LIFE

What is DNA?What is DNA?Shape of DNAShape of DNA

Information in DNA

ReplicationReplication

SummarySummary

What is RNA?What is RNA?TranscriptionTranscription

TranslationTranslation

JeopardyJeopardy

THE WONDERFUL MOLECULE OF LIFETHE WONDERFUL MOLECULE OF LIFE

Activities Videos Additional Info

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What is DNA?

DNA is often called the blueprint of life.

In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions

for making proteins within the cell.

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Our genes are on our chromosomes.

Chromosomes are made up of a DNA.

What is DNA?

The Shape of DNAThe Shape of DNADNA is a very long DNA is a very long polymer.polymer.

The basic shape is like The basic shape is like a twisted ladder or a twisted ladder or zipper.zipper.

This is called a double This is called a double helix.helix.

The structure of DNA The structure of DNA was discovered by was discovered by James Watson & Francis James Watson & Francis CrickCrick WATSON & CRICKWATSON & CRICK

The Structure of The Structure of DNADNA

The DNA double The DNA double helix has two helix has two strands twisted strands twisted together.together.

The backbone of The backbone of the molecule is the molecule is alternating alternating phosphate and phosphate and deoxyribose, a deoxyribose, a sugar, parts.sugar, parts.

The teeth are The teeth are nitrogenous bases.nitrogenous bases.

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DNA has four different DNA has four different nitrogen bases nitrogen bases

Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)Thymine (T)Thymine (T)Adenine (A)Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Guanine (G)

The bases attract each The bases attract each other because of hydrogen other because of hydrogen bonds.bonds.

Hydrogen bonds are weak Hydrogen bonds are weak but there are millions and but there are millions and millions of them in a single millions of them in a single molecule of DNA.molecule of DNA.

The Structure of The Structure of DNADNA

Adenine and Thymine Adenine and Thymine always join togetheralways join together

A = TA = T

Cytosine and Cytosine and Guanine always join Guanine always join togethertogether

C = GC = G

Information in DNAInformation in DNA•Deoxyribonucleic Acid

(DNA), is genetic material of all cellular organisms.

•DNA carries the information needed to direct protein synthesis and replication.

• Protein synthesis is the production of the proteins needed by the cell for its activities and development.

DNA ReplicationDNA ReplicationThe DNA molecule The DNA molecule produces 2 IDENTICAL produces 2 IDENTICAL new complementary new complementary strands following the strands following the rules of base pairing: rules of base pairing:

A-T, G-CA-T, G-C

Each strand of the Each strand of the original DNA serves as original DNA serves as a template for the new a template for the new strandstrand

As cells grow and divide the cell must make more As cells grow and divide the cell must make more DNA to carry out the functions of the cell.DNA to carry out the functions of the cell.

DNA can “unzip” DNA can “unzip” itself and RNA itself and RNA nucleotides match nucleotides match up to the DNA up to the DNA strand.strand.

Both DNA & RNA Both DNA & RNA are formed from are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and NUCLEOTIDES and are called NUCLEIC are called NUCLEIC acids.acids.

What is RNA?DNA contains the information for making proteins, but it does not make protein.

There are 3 forms of RNA that are responsible for using the information stored in DNA to make protein.

mRNArRNAtRNA

DNADNA RNARNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) The Genetic Blueprint

Messenger RNA is a copy Messenger RNA is a copy of the genetic information of the genetic information that was transcribed from that was transcribed from the cell’s DNA. the cell’s DNA.

It is like a ‘blueprint’ of It is like a ‘blueprint’ of the genetic information the genetic information and is brought to the and is brought to the ribosome and translated ribosome and translated into protein with the help into protein with the help of tRNA.of tRNA.

DNA TranscriptionDNA TranscriptionTranscription makes Transcription makes messenger RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry the code for to carry the code for proteins out of the proteins out of the nucleus to the nucleus to the ribosomes in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

RNA polymerase binds RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one strands, then uses one strand as a template to strand as a template to assemble mRNA.assemble mRNA.

DNA vs mRNADNA has deoxyribose, mRNA has ribose;

DNA has 2 strands, mRNA has one strand;

DNA has thymine, mRNA has uracil.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) The Protein Factories

Most of the RNA in cells is associated with small cellular structures known as ribosomes, the protein factories of the cells.

Ribosomes are the site of Translation, where mRNA arrives with genetic instructions for building proteins from amino acid monomers brought by tRNA.

DNA TranslationTranslation assures that the right amino acids are joined together by peptides to form the correct protein.

The cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) The Amino Acid

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Transfer RNA is part of the process of translation. It brings the amino acid coded for by mRNA, and these amino acids are joined together to form proteins.

Summary• Standard Powerpoint presentations work very well when they are being presented at the front of the room. Standard Powerpoint presentations are designed to run from the first slide to the last. My Powerpoint presentation takes a slightly different approach to the standard presentation. I designed this presentation to be used by a presenter or as an interactive learning aid for students to use on their own. This presentation allows the students to skip back and fourth between topics to check things that they did not quite understand the first time around. With this presentation the student can jump past stuff that they already know and go directly to the topic that interest them. I achieved this effect by creating hyperlinks that were designed to look like buttons. I also, added hyperlinks to different websites that contain review activities, additional information, and video clips that will allow the learner to gain a greater understanding about the topic.

WelcomeWelcome

Jeopardy!

Round 1

Watson and Crick

The Genetic

Alphabet

What are my

chances?

Inheritance Patterns

G-netics Genetic Photo

Gallery

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Watson and Crick's most famous discovery.

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What is the structure of DNA?What is the structure of DNA?

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The country where Watson and Crick made their discovery.

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What is England? What is England?

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The term used to describe the structure of DNA.

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What is the double helix? What is the double helix?

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The year Watson and Crick made their famous discovery.

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What is 1953?What is 1953?

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The woman whose work Watson and Crick built upon to decipher

the structure of DNA.

The woman whose work Watson and Crick built upon to decipher

the structure of DNA.

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Who is Rosalind Franklin?Who is Rosalind Franklin?

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Breast cancer susceptibility genes.

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What are BRCA1/2?What are BRCA1/2?

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In DNA base-pairing, guanine binds with this nucleotide base?

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What is cytosine?What is cytosine?

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Guanine-cytosine base pairs involve this many hydrogen

bonds.

Guanine-cytosine base pairs involve this many hydrogen

bonds.

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What is three?What is three?

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DailyDouble

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FISH is an acronym for this cytogenetic technique.

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What is fluorescence in situ hybridization?

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CAG repeat expansions cause diseases such as Huntington’s

disease. CAG codes for this amino acid.

CAG repeat expansions cause diseases such as Huntington’s

disease. CAG codes for this amino acid.

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What is glutamine?What is glutamine?

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The chance that my child will have a recessive disorder if both my husband and I carry the disease

allele for the same disorder.

The chance that my child will have a recessive disorder if both my husband and I carry the disease

allele for the same disorder.

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What is 25% or 1 in 4?What is 25% or 1 in 4?

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The risk that the son of a woman who carries an X-linked recessive disorder will have the disorder.

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What is 50% or 1/2?What is 50% or 1/2?

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Joey’s grandfather died of Huntington’s disease (an

autosomal dominant disorder). The chance that Joey will also

have the disease.

Joey’s grandfather died of Huntington’s disease (an

autosomal dominant disorder). The chance that Joey will also

have the disease.

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What is 25% or 1 in 4?

(A ½ chance his mother inherited the at-risk allele, and ½ chance Joey inherited the at risk allele)

What is 25% or 1 in 4?

(A ½ chance his mother inherited the at-risk allele, and ½ chance Joey inherited the at risk allele)

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The carrier frequency of Cystic Fibrosis in the North American

Caucasian population?

The carrier frequency of Cystic Fibrosis in the North American

Caucasian population?

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What is 1/25? What is 1/25?

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Cindy and Tom have 2 boys with Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy. The chance that the baby girl that

Cindy is currently carrying will also have DMD (an X-linked

recessive disorder)?

Cindy and Tom have 2 boys with Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy. The chance that the baby girl that

Cindy is currently carrying will also have DMD (an X-linked

recessive disorder)?

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What is nearly 0%? What is nearly 0%?

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Consanguinity may be an indicator of this type of

inheritance.

Consanguinity may be an indicator of this type of

inheritance.

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What is recessive inheritance?What is recessive inheritance?

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A type of inheritance that necessitates the disease

presenting mainly in males.

A type of inheritance that necessitates the disease

presenting mainly in males.

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What is X-linked recessive inheritance?

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A type of disease that can be inherited by both boys and girls,

but only from their mother?

A type of disease that can be inherited by both boys and girls,

but only from their mother?

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What is a mitochondrial disorder?What is a mitochondrial disorder?

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This type of inheritance is involved in diseases such as

sporadic cancer.

This type of inheritance is involved in diseases such as

sporadic cancer.

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What is multifactorial inheritance?What is multifactorial inheritance?

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Huntington’s disease follows which pattern of inheritance?Huntington’s disease follows which pattern of inheritance?

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What is autosomal dominant inheritance?

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Exons and introns are the main parts of these.

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What are genes?What are genes?

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A term for all of the genes and associated DNA found in human

cells.

A term for all of the genes and associated DNA found in human

cells.

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What is the human genome?What is the human genome?

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A laboratory method used to visualize the results of a PCR

reaction.

A laboratory method used to visualize the results of a PCR

reaction.

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What is gel electrophoresis?What is gel electrophoresis?

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One quarter of our DNA comes from each of these relatives.

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Who are our grandparents?Who are our grandparents?

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A genetics professional responsible for providing information on inherited

disorders, assessing risk, and interpreting genetics test results.

A genetics professional responsible for providing information on inherited

disorders, assessing risk, and interpreting genetics test results.

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Who is a genetic counselor?Who is a genetic counselor?

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What is a karyotype?What is a karyotype?

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What is a pedigree?What is a pedigree?

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What is amniocentesis?What is amniocentesis?

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What is SKY?What is SKY?

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Who are Watson and Crick?Who are Watson and Crick?

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DNA

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