Do Now

• Take out Genetics, DNA and Evolution final review guide

• Write down any questions you have pertaining to your final exam.

Genetics

1. What are the gametes of a male? Sperm A female? Egg

2. Define phenotype and genotype.Phenotype – the outward appearance of a trait (ex: Tall)Genotype – the actual alleles that code for the trait (ex: Tt)

3. What are the products of mitosis? 2 diploid cells Meiosis? 4 haploid cells Fertilization? 1 diploid cell

4. Explain and give an example of the different types of inheritance: incomplete dominance, polygenic, codominance, multiple alleles. Practice punnett squares for each type of inheritance!

Incomplete dominance: A pattern of inheritance where the heterozygous gene produces an

intermediate trait.Ex: Red (RR) flowered plant and a White (rr) flowered plant cross

to make pink flowers

R R

r

r

0:4:0 0 red, 4 pink, 0 white

Rr

Rr Rr

Rr

(4. continued)Codominance: A pattern of inheritance where neither allele is

recessive so the phenotypes of both alleles are expressed in some way.

Ex: Cattle (red RR, white R’R’ and roan R’R)

(4. Continued)Polygenic - traits are controlled byseveral interacting genes, rather than by a pair of alleles at a single locus.Ex: Human hair and eye color

(4. continued)

Multiple Alleles - genes have more than two different alleles--thus, "multiple" allelesType A - IA IA, IA i

Type B - IB IB, IB iType AB - IA IB

Type O - i i(**What percent chance will offspring have type A blood?**)

5. Define homozygous. And heterozygous.Homozygous – pair of alleles that are the sameEx: tt, TTHeterozygous – pair of alleles that are differentEx: Tt 6. What is a karyotype? What do you learn from

it?Karyotype – a chart of metaphase chromosome pair

arranged by size and placement of centromereA karyotype will tell you the sex of a baby or

whether or not it has a genetic disorder like Downs Syndrome, before birth.

DNA1. A bonds with T ; C bonds with G (Think about it… could DNA be copied

without this paring of nitrogen bases??)2. What is translocation? Substitution? Deletion? Point mutation? frameshift

mutation?Translocation – A chromosome alteration in which a whole chromosome or

segment of a chromosome becomes attached to or interchanged with another whole chromosome or segment

Substitution – a type of mutation due to replacement of one nucleotide in a DNA sequence by another nucleotide.

Deletion – the absence of a segment of DNA; may be as small as a single base or large enough to encompass one or more entire genes.(Ex: leaving a line)

Point mutation – Changing one nucleotide in a sequence of DNA caused by substitution.

Frameshift mutation - An insertion or deletion involving the movement of the rest of the sequence from the site of the mutation on.

DNA

3. A nucleotide consists of these three parts?1.Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G) 2.Deoxyribose Sugar3.Phosphate4. What is transcription? Translation? Transcription - is the coping of the DNA code to mRNATranslation – is converting the RNA code to proteins(amino acids)

DNA

5. What is gel electrophoresis?Gel electrophoresis is the process sorting molecules like DNA by size and charge6.What is genetic engineering?Genetic engineering is the process of altering or changing the DNA of an organism. For example inserting a small fragment of frog DNA into another species.

Do Now

• Take out evolution review guide to be checked

• Start to work on DNA and genetics until we start to go over Evolution Answers.

• Homework: DNA and genetics due tomorrow

Evolution1. How are fossils formed?

Fossils can be formed in different ways. Fossils can be found in sedimentary rock layers. Fossil insects may have been trapped in ice or hardened into amber.

2. How do scientists learn about organisms of the past when studying fossils?

Scientists identify different kinds of fossils found in sedimentary rock layers. Scientists can determine the approximate time organism lived and the climate.

3. Define divergent, convergent, coevolution. Give an example of each Divergent -

the evolution from a common ancestor to a variety of speciesConvergent-

two unrelated species appear similar even though they are geographically separated and genetically different.

Coevolution- two separate species evolve response to one another

Evolution4. Explain the difference between analogous, homologous and

vestigial structures. Give an example of each. Homologous structure –

structures that have similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes. Example: bat wing and human arm

Analogous structure – structures that do not have similar evolutionary origin but have similar function. Example: bat wing, bird wing and flying squirrel

Vestigial Structure – structures that are no longer used or needed Example: the pelvic girdle

and leg bones of an adult python5. Define natural selection.Natural Selection –

is the survival and reproduction of the organisms that are genetically best

adapted to the environment.

Evolution6. Explain the difference between disruptive, directional and stabilizing selection. Give an example of each.Stabilizing selection –

the average individual of a population are favored.Disruptive selection –

individuals with both extreme forms of a trait are at a selective advantage.Directional selection –

favors one extreme form of a trait in a population.

7. Define nonrandom mating and gene flow.Gene flow – the movement of genes into and out of a gene poolNonrandom mating means that there is specific mate selection

8. Who is Charles Darwin?Charles Darwin is the founder of the modern evolutionary theory – evolution by natural selection

9. What is geographic isolation?Geographic isolation occurs when organisms of the same species are physically separated by some geographic structure ex: mountain, lake…

10. What is camouflage?

The ability to blend into the surrounding environment.

Ecology

1.How is nitrogen released to the abiotic parts of the biosphere?

Decay by bacteria

2. How does carbon dioxide enter the biotic parts of the biosphere?

Photosynthesis

Ecology3. List and explain the different levels of organization.Biosphere - includes all parts of Earth where life existsBiome- many ecosystems with similar climatesEcosystem – interactions between living(biotic) and non-living(abiotic) factorsCommunity – interactions between several species in an areaPopulation – groups of organisms of same species interacting in a particular areaOrganism – an individual

Ecology4. Name and explain the differences between the 5 different types of symbiosis.Predation – one organism (predator) captures and consumes another organism (prey)Parasitism – relationship where one organism is helped and the other is harmedCompetition – the use of the same limited resource by 2 or more organisms in the same place at the same timeMutualism – relationship where both organisms benefitCommensalism – relationship where one organism is helped and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Ecology5. Explain the difference between logistic and exponential growth. What kind of curves represent each?Exponential growth is unrestricted population growth or growth without any limiting factors whereas logistic growth is population growth that is restricted by limiting factors in the environment. Hint: it is very important to understand limiting factors and carrying capacity!!!

Ecology

Exponential growth curve-Unrestricted populations of organisms

Logistic growth curve – a population that grows

until it reaches its carrying capacity has this shape

Ecology

6. What is a major threat to biodiversity?Habitat Loss

7. Why is biodiversity important to people?Biodiversity provides many resources for

humans (food, water, medicine, recreation, beauty…)

Ecology8. Explain the difference between primary and secondary

succession.

Primary succession occurs in an area where there was no life before whereas secondary succession occurs in an area where primary succession already took place but was destroyed in a disaster or disrupted.

An example of primary succession is the initial development of plant or animal communities in an area where no soil initially exists (such as caused by a lava flow following volcanic eruption or severe landslide that covered the land). The primary succession is important in pioneering the area to create conditions favorable for the growth of other forms of plants and animals.

Ecology

9. Define climax community.A climax community is a stable ecosystem that

develops due to succession.10.Explain the difference between a food web

and a food chain?

A food chain is the series of organisms showing feeding relationships. A food web is a combination of interconnected food chains.

Ecology

11.What do the arrows represent in a food chain/web?

The arrows represent the movement of energy in a food chain/web.

12. What happens to the energy as you move up the food chain?

The amount of available energy decreases.

13. List the trophic levels from the bottom to the top of the period.

Ecology

14. Where do decomposers get their energy?

Dead plants and animalsExample mushrooms growing off of dead logs

Classification1. Define taxonomy and classification.Taxonomy is the system for classifying and

identifying organisms.Classification is the system for grouping

similar organisms together.2. How do bacteria reproduce? Is it slow or

fast?Binary fission, fast

Classification3. Describe the structure of a virus. What characteristics do they share with a living thing?A virus is a nucleic acid that has a protective protein cover. Viruses like other living things contain nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)Ex: vaccines help to prevent you from getting some viruses.

4.Define prokaryotic and eukaryotic.Prokaryotic is a type of cell that lacks a nucleus.

Eukaryotic is a type of cell that has a nucleus.

Classification

5. Which kingdoms are prokaryotic?Bacteria & Archaea6. What is an antibody?Chemicals made by the body that help destroy

viruses and harmful bacteria7. Is the common cold caused by a bacteria or a

virus?Virus8. Do bacteria have a nucleus?No

Classification

9. What is the main difference between a plant and a fungi?•The main difference between fungi and plants is that fungi are heterotrophs while plants are autotrophs.•So fungi can NOT make their own food but plants can.

Also…• Be able to identify examples of niches, habitats

and limiting factors• Be able to read a pedigree and determine

genotypes and identify carriers• Be able to identify examples of the different types

of selection like disruptive selection• Know the basic parts of plants and their functions• Be able to read and analyze different types of

graphs & tables