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DOE Commercial Microgrid Program
Renewable Energy and Military Microgrids Summit
Steve Bossart, Senior Energy Analyst U.S. Department of Energy
National Energy Technology Laboratory
April 10, 2013
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Topics
DOE OE Mission
Microgrid Concepts
Challenges
DOE Microgrid Program & Projects
Microgrid R&D Needs
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DOE OE Mission
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DOE OE MissionOffice of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
• Lead national efforts to modernize the electric grid; • Enhance security and reliability of the infrastructure;
and • Facilitate recovery from disruptions to energy supply
Accelerate the deployment and integration of advanced communication, control, and information technologies that are needed to modernize the nation‘s electric delivery network
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DOD/DOE MOU
Cooperation in a Strategic Partnership to Enhance Energy Security
July 22, 2010
Energy efficiency, renewable energy, water efficiency, fossil fuels, alternative fuels, efficient transportation and fueling infrastructure, grid security, smart grid, storage, waste-to-energy, basic science, mobile/deployable power, small modular nuclear reactor
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Microgrid Concepts
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Definition by Microgrid Exchange Group
A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.
Microgrid and OE’s Performance Target
Develop commercial scale (<10MW) microgrid systems capable of reducing outage time of required loads by >98% at a cost comparable to non-integrated baseline solutions (UPS + diesel genset), while reducing emissions by >20% and improving system energy efficiencies by >20%
OE’s 2020 Performance Target
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Various Microgrid Configurations Possible
• Consumer Microgrid—single consumer with demand resources on consumer side of the point of delivery, (e.g. sports stadium)
• Community Microgrid— multiple consumers with demand resources on consumer side of the point of delivery, local objectives, consumer owned, (e.g., campus, etc.)
• Utility Microgrid—supply resources on utility side with consumer interactions, utility objectives
Microgrids are “Local Energy Networks”
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Microgrid MarketsMunicipalities
1327 in the US, 961 under 300,000 residents
University campuses8,520 in the US
Military facilities (25% renewables goal)440 facilities worldwide
Industrial and commercial parks~15,000 in the US with a capital size of $10M to $100M
Utilities with special needsOver 900 rural electric cooperatives, over 1200 municipal utilities, ~250 investor-owned utilities, and many public power utilities
Other campuses (hospital, state agencies, etc) - Not quantified to date
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Microgrids & Smart GridsCentral
Generation
Transmission Load
Distributed Generation E-Storage
Distribution
E-StorageDistributed Generation Load
Microgrid
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A Possible Future Distribution Architecture
Municipal Microgrid
Military Microgrid
Campus Microgrid Commercial Park
Microgrid
IndustrialMicrogrid
Utility Microgrid
Distribution Control
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Some Challenges and Risks
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Challenges to a Smart Grid1. Businesses, state regulators, and consumer advocates are
unconvinced of the value of smart grid technologies due to lack of performance data on costs and benefits
2. Insufficient or inadequate technologies, components, and systems to leverage IT potential of smart grid
3. No established standards for interoperability of systems and components
4. Insufficient cyber security for a smart grid architecture5. Lack of a skilled workforce to build, install, operate, and
maintain systems and equipment6. Consumer understanding of the electrical infrastructure and
opportunities enabled by smart grid technologies
7. Change management – vision, alignment, education, metrics8. Future proofing – communications9. Shift in regulatory paradigm – least cost, “used and useful”
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Barriers to Smart Grid
OE Program Addresses Key Barriers
Lack of a Strong Business Case
Smart GridInvestmentGrants
Smart GridDemonstrationProgram
EPRI
APPA
NRECA
The Galvin Initiative
FederalSmart GridTask ForceSmart GridWebsitesStakeholderEngagementProcess
NARUC
FERC
NIST
Smart ResponseCollaborative
Inadequate Technologies
& Components
No Standards
forInteroperability
InsufficientCyber
Security
Lack of a Skilled
Workforce
Smart Grid R&DEnergy StorageR&DClean EnergyTransmission ReliabilitySmart GridDevelopment
InteroperabilityStandards
Cyber SecurityFor EnergyDelivery
InfrastructureSecurity andEnergy Restoration
WorkforceTrainingDevelopmentGrants
DOE EERE ProgramsDOE ARPA-E
EPRIISGAN
DOD Spiders
PSERC
NIST
FERC
DHS S&T
DHS NCSD
NIST
DOD Spiders
NERC
State Training - California - Arkansas - Colorado - Wyoming - Northern Plains and Rocky Mtn Consortium
Smartgrid.com
UninformedConsumers
Smart GridStakeholderBooks
Smart GridInformationClearinghouse
UtilityPrograms
SmartGridConsumer Collaborative
NARUC
OE
Act
iviti
esO
ther
Act
iviti
es
SGIG &SGDP
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DOE OE Microgrid Field Projects
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DOE-OE Primary Microgrid Field ProjectsRenewable and Distributed Systems Integration Projects
Mon Power - West Virginia Super CircuitChevron Energy Solutions - CERTS Microgrid DemoCity of Fort Collins - 3.5 MW Mixed Distributed ResourcesIllinois Institute of Technology - IIT Perfect Power DemoSan Diego Gas & Electric - Borrego Springs Microgrid
Smart Grid Demonstration Projects (ARRA)
Battelle – Pacific Northwest Smart Grid DemonstrationLA Dept. of Water & Power Smart Grid Regional DemoSouthern California Edison Irvine Smart Grid Demo
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SDG&E
Battelle
SCE
Ft Collins
Chevron Mon Power
IIT
LADWP
RDSI
SGDP
DOE OE Primary Microgrid Project Locations
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Smart Grid Demonstration Program (SGDP)
Demonstrate emerging technologies (including energy storage) and alternative architectures
Validate business models Address regulatory
and scalability issues Large projects: $20M-
$89M Small projects: $720K-$20M (Federal share)
4-year projects (average)
Selected ProjectsTotal Funding $1,647,637,256Total Federal Funding $620,027,274Total Number of Projects 32
Large Projects, 12 (37%)Small
Projects, 20 (63%)
Number of Projects
IOU, 41%
Municipal Utilities,
13%
Electric Co-ops, 3.0%
Technology/ Manufac-
turing Company,
34.0%
Non-Profit, 9%
SGDP Recipient Types
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Common Objectives Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects
• Reduce peak load• Benefits of integrated DER (i.e., DG, DR, e-storage)• Ability to integrate variable renewables• Operate in “islanding” and “grid parallel” modes• Import and export capabilities• Two-way communications (frequency, verification, data latency)• Data management • Price-driven demand response• Dynamic feeder reconfiguration• Outage management (i.e., number, duration, and extent)• Volt/VAR/frequency control• Balance distributed and central control• Cyber security • Interconnection and interoperability• Defer generation, transmission, and distribution investments
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Common Technologies Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects
Generation and Energy Storage Renewable energy (PV, wind) Distributed generation (microturbines, fuel cells, diesel) Combined heat and power Energy storage (thermal storage, batteries)
T&D Communications (wireless, PLC, internet) Advanced metering infrastructure & smart meters T&D equipment health monitors (transformers)
Consumers Plug-in electric vehicles and charging stations (PHEV/PEV) Smart appliances & programmable thermostats Home Area Networks & In-Home Displays Energy management systems
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Microgrid R&D Program
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CERTS Microgrid Test BedObjective
Technical Scope
Expand CERTS Microgrid concepts to address system integration challenges presented by need to accommodate intermittent, distributed renewable electricity sources within utility distribution systems.
The CERTS Microgrid Test Bed is being expanded through the addition of new hardware elements: (1) a CERTS compatible conventional synchronous generator; (2) a more flexible energy management system for dispatch; (3) intelligent load shedding; (4) a commercially available, stand-alone electricity storage device with CERTS controls; and (5) a PV emulator and inverter with CERTS controls.The concepts are explored initially through detailed simulation and bench-scale tests at UW and then demonstrated at full-scale using the CERTS Microgrid Test Bed operated by American Electric Power in Groveport, OH.
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Smart Grid Interconnection and Interoperability Standards Development
Objective
IEEE P1547.4
“MICROGRIDS”
Technical Scope
(Insert graphic here)
To facilitate the evolution of the existing electric power system into a smart grid by supporting the development of standards and best practices
Development of national and international standards and best practices for electric power system interfaces, interconnection and interoperability requirements
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Use military bases to develop approaches for implementing high reliability microgrids because of immediate needs, interest, and funding to implement
Use cost/performance data and lessons learned from military efforts to accelerate commercial implementation
Energy Surety MicrogridsObjective
Technical Scope
Use risk-based energy assessment to develop microgrids that:– Can use distributed and renewable energy resources– Will improve site energy infrastructure safety, security, and reliability– Enhance critical mission assurance at military bases
12 Bases evaluated, several more in process
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Improve reliability for mission-critical loads by connecting generators on a microgrid using existing distribution networks.
Reduce reliance on fuel for diesel power by using renewable energy sources during outages.
Increase efficiency of backup generators through coordinated operation on the microgrid.
Reduce operational risk for energy systems through a strong cyber security for the microgrid.
Enable flexible electrical energy by building microgrid architectures that can selectively energize loads during extended outages.
SPIDERS: Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy, Reliability, and Security
Objective
Technical ScopeDoD, DOE, and DHS collaborate to design and implement three separate microgrids supporting critical loads at DoD bases. Each one is slightly larger and more complex in scope than the previous. The sites include:
– Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam, Fort Carson, Camp SmithA key part of the project is the standardization of the design approach, contracting, installation, security, and operation of these microgrids to support future applications.
CAMP SMITH ENERGY ISLAND
• Entire Installation Smart Micro-Grid
• Islanded Installation
• High Penetration of Renewables
• Demand-Side Management
• Redundant Backup Power
• Makana Pahili Hurricane Exercise
PEARL-HICKAM CIRCUIT LVL DEMO
• Renewables• Hydrogen Storage• Hydrogen Fuel Cell• Energy Management• Cyber Test at INL
FT CARSON MICRO-GRID
• Large Scale Renewables
• Vehicle-to-Grid• Smart Micro-
Grid• Critical Assets • CONUS
Homeland Defense Demo
• COOP Exercise
CYBER SECURITY BEST PRACTICES
TRANSITION
• Template for DoD-wide implementation
• CONOPS• TTPs• Training Plans• DoD Adds Specs
to GSA Schedule• Transition to
Commercial Sector
• Transition Cyber-Security to Federal Sector and Utilities
STAIRWAY TO ENERGY SECURE INSTALLATIONS
RIGOROUS ASSESSMENT WITH RED TEAMING IN EACH PHASE
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Microgrid R&D Needs
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Smart Grid & Microgrid R&D Sources
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Development of Microgrid R&D Needs
Stakeholder EngagementConvened a Workshop to further define:
• Baseline performance
• Areas of research needs
• End goals (technical/cost targets and their significance)
• Actionable plan to reach the targets (scope, schedule, participants, milestones)
Workshop Details
• August 30-31, 2011
• University of CA, San Diego
• 73 participants
• Vendors, electric utilities, national labs, universities, research institutes, end users (including military bases, municipalities, and data centers), and consultants
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List of High-Priority R&D Projects from the DOE Microgrid Workshop
Impactful R&D Areas High-priority R&D ProjectsStandards and Protocols Universal Microgrid Communications and Control Standards
Microgrid Protection, Coordination, and Safety
Systems Design and Economic Analysis
Microgrid Multi-objective Optimization Framework
System Integration Common Integration Framework for Cyber Security/Control/Physical Architectures
Switch Technologies Legacy Grid-Connection Technologies to Enable Connect/Disconnect from Grid
Requirements based on Customer and Utility Needs
Control and Protection Technologies
Best Practices and Specifications for Protection and Controls
Reliable, Low-cost Protection
Inverters/Converters Topologies & Control Algorithms for Multiple Inverters to Operate in a Microgrid
Advanced Power Electronics Technologies
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Contact Information
Merrill SmithProgram ManagerMicrogrid R&DU.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Energy Delivery and Energy Reliability(202) 586-3646Merrill.smith@hq.doe.gov
Steve BossartSenior Energy AnalystU.S. Department of EnergyNational Energy Technology Lab(304) 285-4643Steven.bossart@netl.doe.gov