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Dual VET System in Austria:Prospects, target groups, outcomes
Roland LöfflerAustrian Institute of Research on Vocational Training
Österreichisches Institut für Berufsbildungsforschung (öibf)
Learning Exchange: Apprenticeship SystemsNovember 7th, 2013, Federal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer
Protection(Vienna)
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Austrian Institute of Research on Vocational Training
� Founded in 1970
� A leading Institute for Research on Vocational Training
� Research and development in order to support and promote
activities and policies concerning VET
� High involvement in further development of Dual VET System� Evaluations, Evidence-based policy, support decision-makers, Reports
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HE- Universities of applied Sciences
IVET System
- Dual VET System- Voc. Schools and
Colleges- BRP: General higher
education entrance (VET)
Not in “the System”- “Master”-Qualification- Adult Education incl.
Labour Market-training
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Characteristics of iVET in Austria
� Early occupational decision at the age of 14/15 years
� High significance of iVET at upper secondary level (approx. 80%)
� Apprenticeship training (“Lehrausbildung”): 38%
� VET schools (“Berufsbildende Mittlere Schule”): 12%
� VET colleges (“Berufsbildende Höhere Schule“): 24%
� strong involvement of the social partners in planning and implementation of apprenticeship-training
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The Austrian apprenticeship system (1)
� Two places of learning: � work-based learning (enterprise): 80%
focus: job-specific knowledge and skills
� school-based learning (part-time vocational school): 20% focus: basic subject-related theory and general education
� school-based part of training: public funds (mix of federal and regional)
� After 9 years of compulsory school
� Apprenticeship-leave exam (practical skills and abilities): The apprenticeship-leave exam is taken in front of board of professional experts. The focus of this exam is on the competences required for the respective profession (simulation of day to day tasks).
� Focus on Initial Vocational Education and Training (15-20 yrs.)
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The Austrian apprenticeship system (2)
� Apprenticeship contract between company and apprentice: The apprentice
is employed and in a training relationship with his or her training
company and a (compulsory) student at a part-time vocational school at
the same time
� Employment relationship
(approx. 80% income of skilled worker in last year)
� Legal framework: Vocational Education and Training Act
� Training regulation for each apprenticeship trade
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Governance of Dual VET SystemWork-based learning School-based learning
Federal Level
Federal ministry of Economy
Federal ministry of EducationFederal Advisory Board on Apprenticeship (Social Partners)
Provincial Level
Apprenticeship Offices Regional school inspectors
Provincial Advisory Board on Apprenticeship (Social Partners)
Federal provinces
Federal governors
Local LevelCompany, Trainer Part-time vocational school, Teacher
Apprentice
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Apprenticeship Training - Strengths� keeping up a tradition (culture) of youth employment (low level of youth
unemploment)
� no entry requirements except the age and also a socially recognized way for young people who do not want to attend full time school at upper secundary level
� Offering a work integrated learning process with a diploma not only recognized in the training company
� occupational profiles with high acceptance on the labor market
� smooth transition from VET to employment
� For the young people: income (apprenticeship remuneration increasing up to 80% of the salary of a skilled workers at the end of training)
� For companies: Skilled workers tailored for their own needs
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Apprenticeship Training - Weaknesses
� very diverse sector and intransparency because of decentraldevelopments (incl. quality assurance)
� strong gender segregation by occupation
� weak educational competencies of company trainers and examiners
� ongoing discussions on mutual crediting of learning outcomes between apprenticeship-training and full-time vocational schools
� Number of training places is strongly dependent on economic prosperity and regional gaps
� (High) failure rates and drop outs
� In good economic times, it is difficult to find or keep good teachers (for vocational schools), as wages in the economy are better then.
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Apprenticeship Training – Innovations (1)� Integrative VET
Target groups: Leavers of special needs schools, youth who did not acquire any qualification at lower secondary level or obtained a negative assessment in the final exam, People with disabilities, People who are not suitable to be placed into a regular apprenticeship
Tailored types:
� Acquisition of partial qualifications – duration: 1 to 3 years
� Prolongation of the training programme by 1 or up to 2 years
� approx. 6.000 (4,6%) apprentices
� Independent training workshops:(funded by money from active labor market policy) leading to the same qualification for those who can not find a training place in a company - “Vocational Placement Guarantee” (i.e. Youth guarantee) provides IVET for all youths up to 18 (“supracompany apprenticeship training”)
� approx. 10.000 (7,6 %) apprentices
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Apprenticeship Training – Innovations (2)� ‘BRP’ – special university entrance examination for graduates of vocational
training (general entrance not only restricted to field of training (in adult education or accompanying the training)
� approx. 10.000 (7,6 %) apprentices
� Modularization of occupational profiles
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Apprenticeship Training – numbers (1)
� approx. 210 different occupational profiles� national standards
� mostly 3 years of training
� nearly all branches (except health and social services)
� 121.280 young people in training� starting age: 16,4 years old (averag.)
� 35.000 training companies (13,3% of all companies)
All data for 2012
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (2)
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Pupils of the 9th Form (secundaryeducation II):
VET Colleges
VET schools
general secondary school
Polytechnical School
Source: Statistik Austria, Bildung in Zahlen2011/12
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (3)
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Pupils of the 9th Form (secundaryeducation II), nationalities
VET Colleges
VET schools (no level A-exam)
general secondary school
Polytechnical School
Source: Statistik Austria, Bildung in Zahlen2011/12
Austria (89.289)
Germany (1.058)
Turkey (1.456)
Former Yugoslavia(3.716)
Other states (3.988)
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (4)
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Transition from the school system in an apprenticeship 2012Source: WKO, Lehrlingsstatistik
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (5)
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Apprentices and Graduates, Nationalities, 2012, 2009Source: WKO, Lehrlingsstatistik (apprentices), AMS/BMASK: Wohin nach der Ausbildung? BildungsbezogenesErwerbskarrierenmonitoring 2012
Nationality
Apprentices
2012
Apprentices
2009
Graduates
2009
Austria 90,64% 91,47% 95,00%
Non-Austrians 9,40% 8,50% 5,00%
Turkey 2,92% 2,30% - Germany 2,76% 2,98% - Bosnia 0,79% 0,68% - Serbia/Montenegro 0,76% 0,93% - Croatia 0,30% 0,36% - Switzerland 0,26% 0,22% - Slovenia 0,14% 0,02% - Italy 0,09% 0,09% - Other nationalities 1,34% 0,93% -
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (6)
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Training readiness andEmployment share (2012)Proportion of training enterprises of all enterprises and proportion of apprenticeships of all fully insured jobs
Education including educational institutions providing supra-company apprenticeships
Source: P. Gregoritsch et.al: Lehrlingsausbildung: Angebotund Nachfrage. Wien: AMS 2013
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (7)
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Young People (15-19): People of working age, labour force, apprentices(2012)Labour Force: People, who have been employed or unemployed at least once during the year
Source: P. Gregoritsch et.al: Lehrlingsausbildung: Angebotund Nachfrage. Wien: AMS 2013
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (8)
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Apprenticeship-leave exam, 2012
Source: WKO, Lehrlingsstatistik 2012
total number %all exams 58.034 100,0%passed exams 47.635 82,1%failed exams 10.399 17,9%
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (9)
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Most common apprenticeships, 2012Source: P. Gregoritsch et.al: Lehrlingsausbildung: Angebot und Nachfrage. Wien: AMS 2013
Total number Share Total number Share
Girls 43.134 100,0% Boys 82.094 100,0%
Retail trade 10.964 25,4% Metal Technology 11.212 13,7%Office clerk 5.273 12,2% Electrical engineer 8.852 10,8%Hairdresser, stylist 4.424 10,3% Car mechanics 7.837 9,5%Restaurant Specialist 1.659 3,8% Plumbing 4.897 6,0%Cook 1.600 3,7% Retail trade 4.887 6,0%Catering specialist 1.204 2,8% Carpenter 3.639 4,4%Pharmaceutical-commercial assistant 1.190 2,8% Cook 3.055 3,7%Hotel and Hospitality Assistant 1.164 2,7% Bricklayer 2.967 3,6%Administrative Assistant 1.049 2,4% Painting and Coating Technician 1.912 2,3%Wholesale trade 783 1,8% Mechatronics 1.662 2,0%
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (10)
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Transition from apprenticeship to employment: DurationSource: AMS/BMASK: Wohin nach der Ausbildung? Bildungsbezogenes Erwerbskarrierenmonitoring 2012
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (11)
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Transition from apprenticeship to employment within 3 months, sectorsSource: AMS/BMASK: Wohin nach der Ausbildung? Bildungsbezogenes Erwerbskarrierenmonitoring 2012
Medical servicesFinancial and insurance servicesRetail and wholesale tradeOffice clerksHairdresser and cosmeticsChemistry, chemical engineering and food productsAgricultureWood, paper, plastic, glass processing and forestryTourism and CateringConstructionElectronics and AutomationEngineering and engineering tradesAutomotive industriesElectricity and energyIndustrial machinery and metal processing
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (12)
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Share of initial earnings of € 1.800,- minimum per monthSource: AMS/BMASK: Wohin nach der Ausbildung? Bildungsbezogenes Erwerbskarrierenmonitoring 2012
Engineering and engineering tradesElectricity and energyIndustrial machinery and metal processingElectronics and AutomationAutomotive industriesConstructionFinancial and insurance servicesChemistry, chemical engineering and food productsAgricultureWood, paper, plastic, glass processing and forestry Medical servicesOffice clerksTourism and CateringRetail and wholesale tradeHairdresser and cosmetics
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (13)
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Unemployment by level of education, 1994-2011Source: Source: Statistik Austria, Bildung in Zahlen 2011/12
Compulsory education
TotalGeneral secondary school and VET CollegesApprenticeshipVET schools (no level-A exam)University
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (14)
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Youth Unemployment by level of education, 2011Source: Source: Statistik Austria, Bildung in Zahlen 2011/12
Compulsory educationApprenticeshipVET schools (no level-A exam)General secondary school and VET CollegesTotal
TotalMaleFemale
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (15)
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Gross income per year, 2011 (employees from 16 years upwards)Source: Source: Statistik Austria, EU-SILC 2011
Compulsory educationApprenticeship/VET schools (no level-A exam)General secondary school and VET CollegesUniversityTotal
TotalMaleFemale
Apprenticeship Training – numbers (16)
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Poverty risk and education levels, 2011 (employees from 16 years upwards)Source: Source: Statistik Austria, EU-SILC 2011
Compulsory educationApprenticeship/VET schools (no level-A exam)General secondary school and VET CollegesUniversityTotal
TotalMaleFemale
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Main Challenges
� Demographic trend
� Fostering attractiveness of apprenticeship
Current discussions:
� Improving quality
� Introduction of competency-based training regulations
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Some lessons…
� Quality as a main factor for increasing attractiveness
� Well-matched types of IVET
� Flexibility for using all potentials of Youth
� High involvement of Social Partners
� … BUT: Dual VET system no “holy grail” for overcome Youth Unemployment