Post on 23-Feb-2016
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EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
ATHENS & SPARTAGREEK CONFLICT
ATHENIAN GOLDEN AGEGREEK CONTRIBUTIONSALEXANDER THE GREAT
ANCIENT GREECE
• MINOANS • MYCENEANS
EARLY GREEK CIVILIZATION
MINOANS
• Located on the island of Crete in the southern Aegean Sea
• Home to many sea traders
• Established widespread trading connections
MYCENEANS• Located on the Greek
mainland• Adopted many aspects of
Minoan civilization• The government
maintained a high level of control over the economy
• Participated in long distance trade
EARLY GREEK CIVILIZATION
LITERATURE• Homer, author of the
Illiad and the Odyssey• Illiad tells the story of
the Trojan War• Odyssey tells the story
of a Greek hero, Odysseus
WAR• Trojan War was fought
between the Myceneans and the Trojans
• Trojan prince kidnapped the wife of a Greek King
• Trojan horse
EARLY GREEK CIVILIZATIONLITERATURE AND WAR
WHERE IS TROY?
GREECE AEGEAN SEA
• Monarchy with 2 kings, the Assembly, & Council of Elders• Trade and travel not allowed• Military society
o Age 7: began military trainingo Age 20: men were allowed to marry
• Wanted healthy babies & healthy mothers• Girls trained to be mothers of soldiers• Women were expected to produce healthy babies• Women had to obey fathers & husbands, but were
allowed to own property• Helots (slaves) did all nonmilitary
2 CITY-STATES: SPARTA
• Limited democracy• Laws made by Assembly• Only male citizens in Assembly• Trade with other city-states• All citizens were equal• Women & slaves were excluded from becoming citizens• Women inferior & did not take part in public life• Education for boys• Boys learned to be well-spoken democratic citizens and
participated in athletic contests
2 CITY-STATES: ATHENS
ATHENS & SPARTA
• Conquered Babylon about 539 B.C.E. (Cyrus)• Cyrus the Great expanded territory• Tolerance policy• 522 B.C.E. – 486 B.C.E. – Darius unified the
empire – organized into provinces run by satraps (governors)
• Darius established a code of laws and a set of weights and measures (coinage)
WHO WERE THE PERSIANS?
PERSIAN EMPIRE
• Cause: The Persian Wars began when Ionian Greeks rebelled against Persian rule in Asia Minor, and Athens sent ships over to help
• Events: Athenians had victory at Marathon; Athens persuaded Sparta and other Greek city-states to join in the fight against Persia
• Results: Greeks defeat Persians; the Delian League (alliance) is formed; Athenian golden age
PERSIAN WARS
Pericles governed over Athens from 460 – 429 B.C.E.Political Life: Pericles made Athens more democratic
by direct democracy, in which a large number of citizens take direct part in the day-to-day affairs of government. Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government
Economic & Cultural Life: Athens became the cultural center of Greece (thinkers, writers, artists, public festivals)
THE AGE OF PERICLESA GOLDEN AGE FOR ATHENS
Pericles gave this speech at the funeral of Athenians
killed in battle. In this speech, Pericles praised the Athenian form of government, stressed the rights and duties of citizenship. It is considered one of the earliest and greatest expressions of democratic ideals.
THE AGE OF PERICLESTHE FUNERAL ORATION
For our government is not copied from those of our neighbors: we are an example to them rather than they to us. Our constitution is named a democracy, because it is in the hands not of the few but of the many. But our laws secure equal justice for all in their private disputes, and our public opinion welcomes and honors talent in every branch of achievement, not for any sectional reason but on grounds of excellence alone. And as we give free play to all in our public life, so we carry the same spirit into our daily relations with one another…
We are lovers of beauty without extravagance, and lovers of wisdom without unmanliness. Wealth to us is not mere material for vainglory but an opportunity for achievement; and poverty we think it no disgrace to acknowledge but a real degradation to make no effort to overcome. Our citizens attend both to public and private duties, and do now allow absorption in their own various affairs to interfere with their knowledge of the city’s. We differ from other states in regarding man who holds aloof from public life not as “quiet” but as useless; we decide or debate, carefully and in person, all matters of policy, holding, not that words and deeds go ill together, but that acts are foredoomed to failure when undertaken undiscussed. For we are noted for being at once adventurous in action and more reflective beforehand. Other men are bold in ingnorance, while reflection will stop their onset. But the bravest are surely those who have the clearest vision of what is before them, glory and danger alike, and yet notwithstanding go out to meet it…In a word I claim that our city as a whole is an education to Greece, and that her members yield to none, man by man, for independence of spirit, many sidedness of attainment, and complete self-reliance in limbs and brain.
• Causes: Many Greeks resented Athenian domination and formed the Peloponnesian League to counter the Delian League; Sparta was against democracy
• Results: Sparta defeated the Athenians. Athenian domination came to an end. It eventually revived and remained a cultural center, but democracy suffered for years to come
PELOPONNESIAN WARS
GREEK AGAINST GREEK: WHY DID ATHENS LOSE?• Sparta had more of an advantage over Athens
because of its inland location• A plague broke out in Athens killing a third of its
population• Spartans overpowered Athenians and captured
Athens in 404 B.C.E.
PELOPONNESIAN WARS
• Son of King Philip of Macedonia (area of land North of
Greece)• King Philip conquered Greek city-states, and when he
was assassinated, Alexander took over• Alexander made many conquests from Greece to Egypt
to Persia to India• Introduced ideas involving marriage, education, and
money• Responsible for the assimilation and blending of
cultures• Created the Hellenistic Civilization
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION