SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARSWATI

INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY:

Gaurang Kakadiya

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Introduction

Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001

Place : Bhuj, Gujarat

Magnitude : 7.9

Intensity : X

Epicenter : 23.419°N 70.232°E

Focal length : 23 kms

Season : Winter

Damages : •Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured.•The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores.

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• The earthquake was felt in most parts of the country and 20 districts in the state of Gujarat sustained damage.

• The entire Kutch region of Gujarat, enclosed on three sides by the Great Runn of Kutch, the Little Runn of Kutch and the Arabian Sea, sustained highest damage with maximum intensity of shaking as high as X on the MSK intensity scale.

• Twenty-one of the total 25 districts of the state was affected in this quake. Around 18 towns, 182 talukas and 7904 villages in the affected districts have seen large-scale devastation.

• The affected areas even spread up to 300 km from the epicenter. • In the Kutch District, four major urban areas – Bhuj, Anjar, Bachau

and Rapar suffered near total destruction. • The rural areas in the region are also very badly affected with over

450 villages almost totally destroyed4

CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES

• Plate Tectonics

The Indo-Australian and the Eurasian Plate collide into each other at the rate of around 2 cm per year and India lies on this margin.

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Seismic Zone Map of India :- 2002

About 65 percent of the land area of India is liable to seismic hazard damage

•26% under MSK Intensity VII,

•18% under VIII and

•12% under IX and higher

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1819 Gujarat [Kutch] (2000 deaths) 2001 Gujarat [Bhuj] (13805 deaths)

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Site of destruction of the villages9

Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Total collapse of a portion of a 10-storey residential building in Ahmedabad.10

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Collapse of open ground storey RC frame residential building in Bhuj.

RC frame buildings can break apart!!

Collapse of intermediate storey in a 6-storey RC frame commercial building at Bhuj.

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Collapse of one-half of the 14-storey RC frame residential apartment building in Ahmedabad

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Insufficient connection between the RC elevator core and rest of the building

Ground storey collapse of a 4-storey building at Bhuj.

Brick Masonry

Collapse of the upper storey of a building under construction at Bhachau village.

Collapse of the brick masonry railroad station building at Vondh. 14

Partial collapse of the roof and brick chimney at the Mangalore roof tile factory near Morbi.

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Close-up view shows the cyclic shear cracks in the upper portion of another precariously balanced brick chimney near Morbi.

Small Block Stone Masonry

Collapse of upper story of a commercial building in old Bhuj.

Out-of-plane collapse of masonry wall.

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Large Block Stone Masonry

collapse of staircase and collapse of the corner of two storey large block stone masonry houses without lintel bands in Bhuj. 17

Total collapse of traditional houses in random rubble stone masonary with mud mortar at Maliya and Samakhyali villages.

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Random Rubble Masonry

Damage to the Bhid gate at Bhuj. This gate seems to have been rehabilitated earlier also.

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Monumental Structures

Partial collapse of the walls of the historic fort at Bhuj.

Collapse of the temple pagodas made of large block stone masonry at Halvadnear Ahmedabad.

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Partially collapsed pagoda at the palace at Morbi.

Surajbadi sustained severe damage at the bearings at most piers, and has lateral movement of the deck at one of the piers.

Close-up view of the damage sustained at the bearings on most piers of the old Surajbadi bridge.

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Bridge

Damage to the unequal-height bed blocks at the RC bridge near Vondh.

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A number of old masonry arch bridges for Indian railways sustained extensive damage. This bridge is about 88 years old.

Earth Dams

Damages on Tappar Dam

Lateral spreading at the toe of the Kaswati Dam. 23

Failure of the upstream slope of the Fatehgadh dam.

downstream section of Rudramata. 24Cracks on the Suvi dam

Rail,Road and Highway Embankments

• Massive slope failure of the rail-road embankment near Navlakhi port resulting in fracture of rails, and damage to prestressed concrete sleepers.

• The rails were hanging by about 1.0 to 1.5 meters after the earthquake.

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Damage to highway pavement near Rapar due to lateral spreading of soil.

Damage to kerb of highway pavement due to lateral spreading of soil.

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Geotechnical Damages

• The earthquake caused excellent examples of large-scale liquefaction and embankment failures. • The Great Runn of Kutch, the Arabian Sea and the Little Runn of Kutch lock the

affected area on its three sides. • This enclosed area at near sea level sustained extensive liquefaction.(a phenomenon of quicksand condition by virtue of which the soil looses the capacity to

hold structures in place).

Liquefaction Effects

Extensive liquefaction in the Runn of Kutch; this did not affect the performance of the high-tension transmission lines in the area.

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Extensive liquefaction near a 3-storey RC frame office building at Kandla port; building sustained only minor cracks in the walls.

Extensive liquefaction near India Bridge at Khawda (The Great Runn of Kutch).

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The area also offered examples of good RC detailing

Preventive Measures

A structural steel member was placed adjoining the RC damaged column.The old columns together with the adjoining steel member were jacketed with concrete.

Retrofitting

• Retrofitting of weak structures in highly seismic zones.• The new frame to be encased in concrete rested on the finished

ground floor and not carried to the foundation. Even the plaster of beams and columns was not removed.

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http://www.nicee.org/Bhuj.php

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake

http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm

http://www.geerassociation.org/GEER_Post%20EQ%20Reports/Bhuj_2001/india_photo.html

THANK

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